1. Immigration in the U.S. Early 20 th Century Section 15*1 p. 460

2. Lesson Objectives 1.Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations. 1.Examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ anti-immigrant sentiments.

3. European Immigration 1870-1920 Mainly Eastern and Southern Europeans Motivated by religious freedom, political freedom, and economic opportunities Most arrive in the East through Ellis Island

4. Ellis Island An Immigrant’s Journey

5. Stop 1: The Arrival New arrivals were taken by ferry to the main building at Ellis Island. The first immigrant to arrive was a 15-year-old girl from Ireland named Annie Moore to join her parents in New York City.

6. Did You Know? Over 12 million immigrants were admitted to the U.S. through Ellis Island

7. Stop 2: The Baggage Room The Baggage Room is where immigrants entered the main building. Immigrants with heavy luggage left it here until they were finished.

8. Did You Know? Over 40% of all Americans can trace their roots back to Ellis Island

9. Stop Three: Stairs to the Great Hall As the immigrants climbed the stairs to the Great Hall, doctors stood at the top and watched. They were looking for anyone having difficulty coming up the steps. examination. The "six second medical exam.“

10. Stop Three: Stairs to the Great Hall If a medical problem or disability was suspected, 1 of 17 different chalk marks was put on the person's clothing. They were then sent for a full physical

11. Did You Know? Children were a common sight at Ellis Island. During its 62 years in operation, 355 babies were actually born on the island!

12. Stop Four: Medical Exam Medical exams were used to find people with contagious diseases If their problem was curable, immigrants were sent to the island's hospital. If it was not, the steamship company that brought them would have to pay to send them back

13. Stop Five: The Great Hall Immigrants waited here for their interviews with legal inspectors after finishing their medical exams. Process took 3-5 hours Some families stayed for days on Ellis Island, others for weeks, and still others for months.

14. Did You Know? The dining hall for detainees could seat up to 1,200. The menu featured beef stew or baked beans, and extra crackers and milk were provided at each meal for women and children.

15. Stop Six: Legal Inspection Immigrants had to prove they could legally come into America. They had to prove their country of origin and where they expected to live and work once they entered the country.

16. Stop Six: Legal Inspection Inspectors rejected any immigrant with a criminal record or those suspected of being indentured servants. By 1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy test and show a passport and visa

17. Stop Seven: Money Exchange Immigrants could exchange the money of their homeland for dollars, and purchase any train tickets they needed. Laws passed in 1909 required each immigrant to have at least 25 dollars before they were allowed to enter America.

18. Stop Eight: The Journey’s End 2/3 of the new Americans then boarded a ferry to New Jersey, where the next leg of their American journey would begin. 1/3 took the ferryboat to Manhattan to begin their new life in New York City, only one mile away. Staff members referred to this spot as the kissing post because of all the emotional reunions that were witnessed there.

19. Asian Immigration 1851-1883 Chinese arrived to work on railroads Japanese arrive when US annexes Hawaii Arrive on West Coast through Angel Island

20. Life in the New Land Adjust to language and culture Many immigrants settle in isolated communities Immigrant organizations formed to help each other

21. Immigration Restrictions Nativism: – Formation of Anti-Immigrant groups –“Quotas” put into effect Prejudice –Segregation in San Francisco –Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907-1908

22. Immigration Restrictions Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882 –Backlash against Chinese laborers –Act banned most immigrants from China

23. The Challenges of Urbanization Section 15-2 pp. 468-472

24. Preview Questions Why did people move to the cities? What problems did city dwellers face? How did reformers help the poor?

25. Urban Opportunities Urbanization: Rapid growth of cities –Who was moving to the cities? –Why did people move to the cities? Americanization Movement: –Program to teach American culture to immigration

26. Urban Problems What problems were caused by urbanization? Tenement: –Multifamily dwellings –Often overcrowded and unsanitary –Virtual Tour of a NYC TenementVirtual Tour of a NYC Tenement

32. Reformers Mobilize Social Gospel Movement: –Movement that urged people to help the poor –Jane Addams: Social reformer who helped the poor Created Hull House in Chicago

33. Politics in the Gilded Age Section 15*3 pp. 473-477

34. Preview Questions 1.How did political machines control the cities?’ 2.How were political bosses corrupt? 3.How was civil service reformed? 4.What happened to tariffs?

35. I. Political Machines Group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city –Controlled city jobs and agencies –Solved problems for voters –Rely on immigrant support

36. II. Graft and Scandal Graft: Illegal use of political power for personal gain Use fake names to vote Kickbacks and Bribes

37. II. Graft and Scandal Boss Tweed –Controlled Tammany Hall Machine in NYC –Accused of stealing $40m form NYC taxpayers –Eventually jailed

43. III. Civil Service Replaces Patronage Patronage: Rewarding political supporters with jobs Problem: Inept people get jobs Civil Service Program: Based on merit

44. Rutherford B. Hayes –Leaves office over reform issues –Stalwart: Oppose reform James A. Garfield –Turns out to be reformer –Assassinated III. Civil Service Replaces Patronage

46. Chester A. Arthur –Also turns reformer –Pendelton Civil Service Act Qualified workers Results in close ties b/w business and gov’t

47. IV. Business Buys Influence Grover Cleveland –Tries to reduce tariffs, but fails Benjamin Harrison –McKinley Tariff Act: Highest levels yet