1. Lecture 18 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011 N. R. Brown

2. Outline 1.The Partner-Discrepancy – Part 2 2.History & Autobiographical Background Living-in-History Project Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 2

3. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 3 USA Population Surveys-- Tess

4. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 4 USA Population Surveys – TessW & TessT TESS -- Time-sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences NSF funded program – Survey-based Experiments

5. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 5 USA Web-based Surveys – TessW & TessT US data collection: 2004 TessT: Sample: stratified sample; random digit dialed telephone survey TessW -- Knowledge Network Panel: RDD  recruit panel members Members receive free hardware & internet service Sample drawn at random from panel. Data collect via web-based questionnaire.

6. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 6 Method -- Tess 1.Estimates # of SP – Three Versions 2.Indicated estimation strategy – Strategy Menu 3.Sexual orientation 4.Two attitude questions 5.Rate embarrassment 6.Rate truthfulness of response 7.Rate bias of responses

7. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 7 Method -- TessW 1.Estimates # of SP – Three Versions Control: “Please report your number of lifetime sexual partners” Approx: “Off the top of your head, please provide a rough estimate of your number of lifetime sexual partners.” Enum: “Please think back over your lifetime starting with your first sexual partner and count all of your sexual partners up to and including your most recent partner.”

8. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 8 Method -- Tess 2. Indicated estimation strategy – Strategy Menu I just now thought back over my lifetime and tried to remember and count each sexual partner. I made a rough guess, plus or minus a few sexual partners. It was a very small number, so I just knew. I keep a running tally of my number of sexual partners and I remembered this number (for example, I use a diary or I have been keeping track in my head over time). I thought about the number of different sexual partners who I’ve been with in an average year and multiplied by the number of years that I’ve been sexually active (for example, about 5 a year for 5 years equals 25) I used some other method to come up with my response. Please specify :

9. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 9 Method -- Tess 3. First Attitude Question I believe a relationship should form before someone has sex. 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat

10. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 10 Method -- Tess 4. Second Attitude Question I would only have sex in the context of a serious relationship. 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat

11. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 11 Method -- Tess 5. Rated embarrassment I felt embarrassed answering the questions about my number of lifetime sexual partners 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat

12. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 12 Method -- Tess 6. Rated truthfulness of response I was truthful in my report of my number of lifetime sexual partners 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat

13. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 13 Method -- TessW 7. Rated bias of the estimate. In terms of report of my number of lifetime sexual partners, I think that: I greatly under-reported I slightly under-reported I was accurate in my report I slightly over-reported I greatly over-reported my number of lifetime sexual partners

14. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 14 Research Questions

15. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 15 Research Questions -- Tess Will the strategy difference replicate? Mode Effects: –Will web-based administration decrease the discrepancy? –Will web-based administration affect strategy selection? Will self-ratings yield self-incrimination (SI)? Will the partner discrepancy & strategy differences disappear when SIs removed?

16. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 16 Research Questions -- Tess Mode Effect: Anonymity promotes disclosure. –Discrepancy: Web < Telephone Web conventions (“flaming trolls”) condone exaggeration. –Discrepancy: Web > Telephone

17. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 17 Research Questions -- Tess Will instructions affect strategy choice? If so: –Will the instructional effect be a large one? –Will instructions effect (decreases) the discrepancy?

18. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 18 Results 1.The Sample 2.Strategy Differences 3.The Discrepancy 4.Attitudes

19. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 19 The Samples

20. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 20 Sample – TessT(elephone) Sample: n = 1641 Relevant Subset: heterosexual, sexually experienced provided: SP estimate & strategy report Retained: 87.1% Age MMDN ♂ 49.849.0727 ♀ 51.350.5702

21. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 21 Sample – TessW(eb) Sample: n = 1893 Relevant Subset: heterosexual, sexually experienced provided: SP estimate & strategy report Retained: 89.5% Age MMDN ♂ 47.146845 ♀ 48.348847

22. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 22 Classification of Respondents Sexually-experienced Heterosexuals (SeH): Tel – W 86.6% Tel – M 87.5% Web – W 90.3% Web – M 88.7%

23. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 23 Self-Incriminators Defining Self-Incriminators (SIs) –Truthfulness Response: NR, 1, 2, or 3 SIs uncommon -- % Se H –Telephone – Women 3.7% –Telephone – Men 3.7% –Web – Women 5.3% –Web – Men 6.5%

24. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 24 Tr(uth) SeH Samples Telephone Age MMDN ♂ 49.549700 ♀ 51.350676 Web Age MMDN ♂ 46.846791 ♀ 48.3248802

25. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 25 Strategy Differences

26. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 26 Strategy Selection: Sex Differences *** *

27. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 27 Strategy Selection: Mode Differences *** +

28. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 28 Relation between Strategy & SPs: Sex Differences ***

29. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 29 Relation between Strategy & SPs: Mode Differences *** *

30. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 30 Replicating the Partner Discrepancy

31. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 31 Distribution of SPs

32. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 32 Distribution of SPs

33. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 33 Mean SP Effects: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex * SIs unimportant

34. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 34 Median SPs Women: Web > Tel Men: Web = Tel SIs unimportant

35. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 35 Outliers (Se Hs)

36. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 36 Mode Effects: Sex & Mode Differences

37. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 37 Mode Effect: SP ≥ 10 Effects: Sex*** Mode *** Mode X Sex*** ================= Web- ♀ almost twice as likely to indicate at least 10 SPs as Tel- ♀ For ♂s, no effect of Mode.

38. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 38 Attitudes

39. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 39 Are people more embarrassed on the phone? Mode ns Sex ns Mode X Sex ns

40. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 40 Does mode affect attitude response? Question #1: Mode *** Sex *** Mode X Sex + ============== Question #2: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex +

41. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 41 TESS Summary: Strategies Multiple strategies used Sex & strategy selection: –Approximation : ♂ > ♀ –“Just Know”: ♀ > ♂ Mode Effects: –“Just Know”: Web > Tel –Other: Tel > Web

42. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 42 And Finally…

43. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 43 The Discrepancy Reduced/Eliminated in 20’s Cohort

44. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 44 TESS Summary: Strategies Estimate related to strategy –Aprox > Enum > JK SPs & Aprox: ♂ > ♀ SPs & Aprox for ♀: Web > Tel

45. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 45 TESS Summary: Mode Effects Self Incrimination: Web > Tel Attitudes: Web > Tel Embarrassment: Web = Tel Web promotes disclosure.

46. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 46 TESS Summary: SP Replicate Discrepancy Sex X Mode Interaction Consistent w/ Social Desirability Account Sex X Cohort Interaction Memory/Behavioral Differences

47. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 47 Conclusions Three-pronged Account necessary –Direct evidence for Strategy Differences Social Desirability –Sampling PSW – “conspicuous by their absence”

48. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 48 Questions Why do men favor rough approximation? Memory Motivation Distributional

49. Personal Memories & Public Events Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 49 Believes about recent

50. Memory & Public Events (Biased) Beliefs about past: –Referred to as “Collective Memory” Memory in the World Memory in the Head –Part of group identity –Often caused by & central to between-group conflict. Much Memory-in-the-World research Little Memory-in-the-Head research Psyco 350 Lec #15– Slide 50

51. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 51 Personal Memories & Public Events Prior Research: Memory for historical events (Schuman) predicted by: –nationality –Age

52. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 52 Schuman et al, 1898 National surveys Task: “Name one or two important events from the past 50 or 60 years.”

53. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 53 Personal Memories & Public Events Prior Research: Memory for historical events (Schuman) predicted by: –nationality –Age Flashbulb Memory Research Memory –“Exceptional” (but imperfect) Memory for “reception event”

54. The Living-in-History Project Aim: Understand when & why historical events & autobiographical memory become intertwined Indentify “Generation 0” –Which experiences incorporated into a group’s identity? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 54

55. Two Assumptions & An Implication Life-altering events, landmark events, spawn “lifetime periods.” Public events can have a life-altering effect.  Public events might spawn Historically- Defined Autobiographical Periods (H-DAPs).

56. Empirical Questions Do H-DAPs exist? If so, where, when, & why?

57. Outline H-DAPs – Their Origins –1 Method, 18 Samples, 9 Claims H-DAPs – Their Implications

58. Method

59. Method – Phase 1 Materials: –20 neutral cue words: automobile, bag, ball, book, box, bread, chair, coat, dog, pencil, piano, pill, radio, river, snow, spoon, stone, street, tree, window Task: – recall an autobiographical event related to cue word specific at least one week old –write brief description on index card

60. Method – Phase 2 Task: – estimate when (month & year) each event occurred. Verbal Protocol: – Ps thought aloud while generating dates

61. –cue word: pill –– –“I took a Bayer’s pill to relieve the pain in my tooth.” –– –“I remember this one. This was…senior year. Beginning of senior year of 2003. Um…It was fall but it was middle of fall. I think it was October 2003. Yeah, I remember that.”

62. Rationale

63. Word-cue Task: representative sampling of AM Event-dating Protocols: dates typically “reconstructed” contents reflect organization If H-DAP s exist, they should be mentioned in the protocols.

64. Rationale If H-DAP s exist, they should be mentioned in the protocols, yielding … A strong Living-in-History (LiH) Effect* *frequent mention of H-DAPs in the dating protocols

65. 18 Samples from 11 Countries Sample#AgeTest Date(s) 1 Sarajevo, Bosnia27247/04; 10/04 2 Sarajevo, Bosnia23229/06 3 Sarajevo, Bosnia25379/06 4 Podgorica, Montenegro25237/04; 10/04 5 Belgrade, Serbia25 2/05 6 NYC, NY, USA23252/05 7 Ann Arbor, MI, USA24236/05; 9/05 8 Edmonton, AB, Canada27239/04 – 1/05 9 Jerusalem, Israel28245/05 – 6/05 10 Aalborg, Denmark26233/05 – 4/05 11 Izmit, Turkey27213/06 12 Ankara, Turkey24223/06; 10/06 13 Moscow, Russia263912/07 14Beirut, Lebanon 235611/08 – 3/09 15Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 215911/08 – 3/09 16Aalborg, Denmark 36803/06 17Netherlands 21823/07 18Edmonton, AB, Canada 26833/07

66. 18 Samples from 11 Countries Sample#AgeTest Date(s) 1 Sarajevo, Bosnia27247/04; 10/04 2 Sarajevo, Bosnia23229/06 3 Sarajevo, Bosnia25379/06 4 Podgorica, Montenegro25237/04; 10/04 5 Belgrade, Serbia25 2/05 6 NYC, NY, USA23252/05 7 Ann Arbor, MI, USA24236/05; 9/05 8 Edmonton, AB, Canada27239/04 – 1/05 9 Jerusalem, Israel28245/05 – 6/05 10 Aalborg, Denmark26233/05 – 4/05 11 Izmit, Turkey27213/06 12 Ankara, Turkey24223/06; 10/06 13 Moscow, Russia263912/07 14Beirut, Lebanon 235611/08 – 3/09 15Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 215911/08 – 3/09 16Aalborg, Denmark 36803/06 17Netherlands 21823/07 18Edmonton, AB, Canada 26833/07

67. Protocol Analysis

68. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

69. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

70. Example Protocol: Personal –cue word: box –– – “My siblings and I took the large box from our new washer and dryer and took turns tipping ourselves over inside.” –– –“I honestly don’t remember how old I was but I know it was in my old house and we moved there when I was 4 so I was probably at least 5. So I’d say 1988 and I have no idea what month it was. Ah, I think we would have been playing outside if it was summer so I’d probably say like November.”

71. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

72. Example Protocol: Political/Conflict cue word: pencil  “ I was collecting fancy pencils and I was surprised when my cousin sent me a nice one in a letter.”  “ 1993 or 1994 because it was during the war and that’s approximately how old I was, it wasn’t 92’ for sure. Why? Because it was in the middle of the war but I don’t know if it was 93’ or 94’.”

73. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

74. Example Protocol: Pop/Sports/Weather –cue word: spoon –– – “I practiced bending the spoon.” –– – “I think I was doing that when I was watching The Matrix movie and The Matrix came out some years ago but when? It’s all mixed up…let’s say 3 years ago, 2002.II watched it, I think it was winter. February, 2002.”