1. Philosophy Review Terms/People/Ideas we’ve studied

2. Fields of Philosophy  Field of studying reality and the nature of existence  Study of good and bad, right and wrong  Study of Knowledge; “What is Truth?”  Study of Thinking and sound argumentation  Study of God’s Existence  Study of the foundations of society and government  Study of Art and Beauty  Knowledge gained before experience  Knowledge gained after experience

3. Terms 1). A priori = truth understood before experience * Necessary truths: cannot possibly be false. 2). A posteriori = truth understood through experience  Deductive Logic – argues the truth of a conclusion by deducing it from a number of known statements. Guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true. Example: If John Doe isn’t the killer than Jane Doe is the killer. John Doe was in a coma when the murder occurred, therefore Jane Doe must be the killer.  Inductive Logic – argues the truth by noting examples of particular cases. Does not guarantee the truth of a conclusion, instead it makes it more or less reasonable to believe the conclusion. Example: The shoe size of the killer matches Jane Doe. Jane said she would kill the victim if the victim did not pay back the loan. The loan was unpaid. The getaway car matches the description of Jane Doe’s vehicle. Therefore, Jane Doe is most likely the killer.

4. Terms: A little logic Rationalism: Knowledge is based on reason -Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel -Human reason can provide final answers to the most basic questions. Innate ideas Empiricism: Knowledge comes from experience -Locke, Hume, Mill, Russell -Humans are born as a “blank slate” (tabula rasa)

5. God Unit  Man who claimed Atheists must struggle with suicide.  Belief in many gods; belief in one god  Belief that God is everywhere (even in Rocks)  Belief that God is in everyone  Belief that God is outside Earth in another dimension  Philosopher that argued to know God one must make a “leap of faith”  The study of Evil (if God exists)

6. God Unit  A famous solution to the existence of Evil  What Argument claims God must exist because he is Perfect.  The belief that God must exist because existence requires a Prime Mover.  The argument that God must exist because the world operates so well as if guided by unspoken laws.  A wager or bet that claims one should believe in God because it is worth the return on the investment.  Communist philosopher that believed religion was an “opiate of the masses.”

7. The Self  Term for the real self (soul)  Eastern Philosophy that doesn’t believe in Selfhood  Belief that we can only know our own mind with certainty  Famous skeptic philosopher  Term for the way you think about your own self  Jean-Paul Sartre called this a magical transformation of the world.  What is the Egocentric Predicament

8. The Self  An English term that philosophers believe explains how we can make sense of other people’s self.  Explain the Mind-Body problem  What is the materialist solution to the mind-body problem?  What is the idealist solution to the mind-body problem?  Explain Behaviorism  Explain Identity Theory  Explain Functionalism