1. Static Light Scattering

2. Outline of Static Light Scattering FMeasurement system FRayleigh scattering FStatic structure factor FForm factors FPractical problems

3. Light Scattering Measurement System

4. Scattering Wavevector top view scattering wavevector wavevector

5. Lengths Probed by Light Scattering Light scattering probes the length of ~1/k. ~ 33 nm ~ 100 nm

6. Scattering Volume depends on the focusing of the laser. specified by the two pinholes. The scattering volume is an open system.

7. Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle Why is the sky blue? Why is the sunset reddish? Polarization in the particle changes in phase with the incoming light. The particle is now a broad- casting station, emanating radiation in all directions.

8. Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh scattering by a particle in vacuum  : polarizability of the particle  particle volume I maximizes at  ´ = 90°. Usually, LS is detected in the horizontal plane.

9. Scattering by a Chain Molecule (in Vacuum) The beams scattered by the two particles interfere. Two parts of a large molecule interfere more or less constructively. Therefore, a large molecule scatters the light more strongly than many small particles do.

10. Static Structure Factors suspension of small particles single large molecule many large molecules

11. Structure Factor of a Polymer Chain low-angle scattering RgRg radius of gyration high-angle scattering

12. Form Factors Angular dependence of P(k) allows us to determine the shape of the molecule.

13. Form Factor of a Sphere Rayleigh-Gans formula EXCEL problems 1. Plot P as a function of kR. 2. Plot P as a function of  for R = 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 nm. Assume specific values of n and.

14. Light Scattering of a Solution The formula derived for a molecule in vacuum can be used just by replacing  with  ex. A more convenient expression

15. Light Scattering of Polymer Solutions Measure I(k) for pure solvent. Measure I(k) for solutions of a given polymer at different concentrations. Calculate I ex (k).

16. Zimm Plot

17. Example of Zimm Plot Polyguanidine in THF

18. Differential Refractive Index At low concentrations, Often, we can approximate dn/dc as

19. Concentration Effect on Scattering Intensity scattering at low concentrations

20. Scattering by a Suspension of Spheres mass/volume At constant c, At constant , number/volume

21. Scattering by Spheres at Constant c EXCEL problems Plot R 3 P(kR) as a function of  for R = 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 nm. Assume specific values of n and. At constant c,

22. Scattering by Spheres at Constant  At constant , EXCEL problems Plot R 6 P(kR) as a function of  for R = 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 nm. Assume specific values of n and.

23. Changes in the Scattering Intensity Spheres aggregate into larger spheres: Porous spheres become nonporous without changing R: ( n porous spheres form 1 nonporous sphere) Nonporous spheres become porous without changing the mass: