1. Lecture 27 Alternative Futures & Big Lessons of the Course December 13, 2012 Final Exam Thursday, December 18, 2014 5208 & 5322 Social Science

2. The Chess Game The Chess Game

3. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

4. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

5. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

6. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

7. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

8. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

9. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

10. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

11. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

12. I. History is Filled with Surprises! 1905-1920: World War I and the Russian Revolution 1920-1935: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal 1935-1950: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war. 1950-1965: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy 1965-1980: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK 1980-1995: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war 1995-2010: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history 2010-2025: ??????

13. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

14. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

15. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructureMassive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

16. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructureMassive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy developmentPublic control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

17. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructureMassive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy developmentPublic control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care systemCreating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

18. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructureMassive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy developmentPublic control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care systemCreating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulationExtending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

19. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructureMassive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy developmentPublic control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care systemCreating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulationExtending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employmentExpanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

20. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the marketRedrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market Massive public investment in transportation infrastructureMassive public investment in transportation infrastructure Public control over energy developmentPublic control over energy development Creating a genuine, universal public health-care systemCreating a genuine, universal public health-care system Extending labor market and workplace regulationExtending labor market and workplace regulation Expanding public sector employmentExpanding public sector employment Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of marketsTaxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

21. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system. Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.) Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

22. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequalityStriving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system. Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.) Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

23. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequalityStriving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system. Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.) Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

24. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequalityStriving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system. Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.) Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

25. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequalityStriving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system. Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.) Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governanceDemocratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

26. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

27. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

28. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

29. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

30. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

31. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

32. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 1. The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism 2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities 3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom 4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society 5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas 6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

33. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression. 8. Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy. 9. Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world. 10. Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses. 11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA 12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

34. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression. 8. Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy. 9. Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world. 10. Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses. 11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA 12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

35. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression. 8. Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy. 9. Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world. 10. Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses. 11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA 12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

36. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression. 8. Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy. 9. Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world. 10. Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses. 11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA 12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

37. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression. 8. Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy. 9. Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world. 10. Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses. 11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA 12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

38. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER 7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression. 8. Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy. 9. Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world. 10. Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses. 11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA 12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

39. Final Message America today has serious deficits on all of the five core values which animate this course: Freedom, Prosperity, Efficiency, Fairness, Democracy BUT Our current realities are not destinies. Our future may hold as many deep surprises as our past, and this could include a more humane and just world which promotes human flourishing. This will depend not on what history as given us, but on the extent to which we accept that history or act to change it.

40. Final Message America today has serious deficits on all of the five core values which animate this course: Freedom, Prosperity, Efficiency, Fairness, Democracy BUT Our current realities are not destinies. Our future may hold as many deep surprises as our past, and this could include a more humane and just world which promotes human flourishing. This will depend not on what history as given us, but on the extent to which we accept that history or act to change it.

41. Final Message America today has serious deficits on all of the five core values which animate this course: Freedom, Prosperity, Efficiency, Fairness, Democracy BUT Our current realities are not destinies. Our future may hold as many deep surprises as our past, and this could include a more humane and just world which promotes human flourishing. This will depend not on what history as given us, but on the extent to which we accept that history or act to change it.