1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Spread of new technology, combined with innovative approaches to seeing knowledge.

2. New Scientific Ideas  Nicolaus Copernicus:  “The earth is round and revolves around the sun”  Worked in private to avoid persecution  Based theories on hypotheses, but did not prove  Challenging the Church:  Johannes Kepler: Able to prove Copernicus right Proved, “planets orbit the sun on ellipses”  Galileo Faced opposition from Church leaders Built a telescope to study space Reasoned, “not all heavenly bodies revolve around earth” Forced to recant some of his teachings

3. The Scientific Method  Developed by Francis Bacon  Identify the problem through observation  Develop a hypotheses  Test by experimenting (several x’s)  Take record of the results  If the hypotheses proves to be true, it becomes scientific law

4. Isaac Newton  Attended Cambridge University  Idea of Gravity:  Keeps things from flying off the earth  Holds the Solar System together  1687: Published Principia  Developed calculus: calculating changing forces or quantities

5. Investigating the Human Body  Andreas Vesalius:  Studied anatomy through dissection  1543: On the Structure of the Human Body  William Harvey:  Blood circulates and is pumped by the heart  Robert Hooke:  Used the microscope to discover cells

6. Chemists  Robert Boyle:  Attacked the “four basic elements”  Proved that air was a combination of several elements  Element = something that can’t be broken down into simpler parts by chemical means  Joseph Priestly:  Discovered the existence of oxygen  Studied carbon dioxide  Result: Carbonated beverages

7. The Impact of Science  Natural Law: A universal moral law  English Philosophers:  Thomas Hobbes: argued that absolutism was best; chaos w/o it 1651: Leviathan, a state w/o government  John Locke: Believed in natural rights (life, liberty, and property) If government failed, people had a right to overthrow it Two Treatises of Government: govt. exists to protect the natural rights of citizens Ideas were used by T. Jefferson in the Dec. of Ind.

8.  Reason Influences Law:  Helped end unjust trials  Hugo Grotius: wanted an international law code Believed that one body of rules would allow reason and order to determine right and wrong.  William Penn: Pacifist Opposed violence as a means of settling disputes Advocated an assembly of nations committed to world peace  Examining Religion:  Educated Europeans applied reason to religious beliefs; turned away from traditional practices  Deism: religious philosophy, intended to make a simpler and more natural religion based on reason and natural law.

9. Triumph of Reason  Age of Enlightenment: (1600s-1700s)  People studied the world as if for the 1 st time  Spreading Ideas: (French Philosophes)  Believed in Locke’s ideas/teachings  D. Diderot: edited the first Encyclopedia Banned by the Catholic Church  Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws (1748) Admired the English govt. Promoted the idea of separate branches Power is equally divided (checks and balances)  Voltaire: French author and deist

10.  Women and the Enlightenment:  1750s: began to affirm equality with men  Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women  Favored equal education  Classical Movements: (calm, rationale style)  Focus on form, not content  Music – stressed balance, contrast, and emotion  Musicians: Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart  Enlightenment Opponents:  Wm. Blake – “God is not a mathematical diagram!!”  Jean-Jacques Rousseau: criticized the era’s excessive reliance on reason Humans are good, civilization was corrupting The Social Contract: Man must submit to the will of the majority

11.  Enlightenment Opponents (continued):  Immanuel Kant: reason can’t answer questions dealing with metaphysics – (philosophy dealing with the existence God) Critique of Pure Reason (1781): reality consists of separate physical and spiritual worlds  Religious Movements:  Methodism: Founded by John Wesley Stressed the value of personal religious experience Reaction to the cold formality of the Anglican Church

12. The Road to Revolt  1750s: American colonies were thriving and were used to self-government  British left the colonists alone other than trade  The Navigation Acts of the 1600s required colonial imports/exports to go through England  Smuggling became an issue  Colonists were governed by a crown appointed governor, but assemblies were set up  Wanted to be able to approve or reject new taxes

13. Tightening of Colonial Controls  After the 7 Years’ War ended taxes had to be raised to compensate the war debt  G. Greenville became the Lord of The Treasury  Colonists couldn’t settle west of the Appalachians  Colonists should help pay for the cost of defense  Enforced the Navigation Acts  Stamp Act (1765): direct tax to Britain

14. Colonial Protests  Colonists began to boycott British goods  Stamp Act Congress (1765): 9 colonies were represented  “No taxation w/o representation”  Declaratory Acts (1766): taxed most goods  Boston Massacre (1770): 5 colonists were killed  Repealed all of the taxes except on tea  Boston Tea Party (East India Tea Co.)  Intolerable Acts were passed  First Continental Congress (Sept. 5, 1774)