1. Fish Parasites as Indicators of Aquatic Resources D. Dorfman Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ

2. Abstract  Biota utilizing fresh water, estuarine, and marine resources can be determined by various degrees of field surveys. When time is of the essence, and financial constraints demand more rapid responses for environmental assessments, literature reviews and federal and state reports can assist in plant and animal determinations of particular sites. To verify some of the available data, and to perhaps extend the data of organisms that may not be indicated, use of fish verified as in or around the site may be noted. The surveyor could then go to a checklist of parasites reported for these fish species (e.g. Hoffman, 1999, Anderson, 2000, Gibson, 1996), record these, then from the literature on these parasites, examine their life histories. The obtained data can add, measurably, to other species utilizing the site whether they are temporary or seasonal users of the site being studied (especially for birds, and invertebrates). For example a checklist for Fundulus heteroclitus (Hoffman, 1999) indicates that they are parasitized by 12 protozoa, seven monogenea, nine trematoda, two cestoidea, four nematoda, three acanthocephala, and five crustacea. The life histories of these parasites involve many intermediate and final hosts that could be added to the list of organisms that may be using the study site.

3. Fundulus diaphanus, banded killifish  Protozoa Myxobolus diaphanous Myxobolus diaphanous M. funduli M. funduli M. subtecalis M. subtecalis  Monogenea Ancyrocephalus angularis Ancyrocephalus angularis Gyrodactylus avalonis Gyrodactylus avalonis G. prolongis G. prolongis g. stegurus g. stegurus Salsuginis angularis Salsuginis angularis S. funduli S. funduli

4. Fundulus diaphanus (cont.)  Trematoda Allocreadium commune Allocreadium commune Asymphlodora sp. Asymphlodora sp. Clinostomum complanatum Clinostomum complanatum Crassiphiala bulboglossa Crassiphiala bulboglossa Creptotrema funduli Creptotrema funduli Diplostomulum sp. Diplostomulum sp. Homalometron pallidum Homalometron pallidum Neascus pyriformis Neascus pyriformis Neascus sp. Neascus sp. Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus Petasiger sp. Petasiger sp. Posthodiplostomum minimum Posthodiplostomum minimum Rhipidocotyle septpapillata Rhipidocotyle septpapillata

5. Trematodes

6. Trematodes

7. Trematodes

8. Trematodes

9. Trematodes

10. Fundulus diaphanus (cont.)  Cestoidea Bothriocephalus rarus Bothriocephalus rarus Dilepis sp. Dilepis sp. Parvitaenia sp. Parvitaenia sp. Proteocephalus ambloplitis Proteocephalus ambloplitis Proteocephalus sp. Proteocephalus sp.  Nematoda Cucullanus sp. Cucullanus sp. Cystidicola sp. Cystidicola sp. Eustrongylides sp. Eustrongylides sp. Hedruris sp. Hedruris sp. Rhabdochona sp. Rhabdochona sp. Spiroxys sp. Spiroxys sp.

11. Nematodes

12. Nematodes

13. Fundulus diaphanus (cont.)  Acanthocephala Acanthocephalus sp. Acanthocephalus sp. Leptorhynchoides thecatus Leptorhynchoides thecatus Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus Neoechinorhynchus sp. Neoechinorhynchus sp. Octospiniferoides sp. Octospiniferoides sp. Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli  Mollusca Elliptio complanata Elliptio complanata  Crustacea Ergasilus lizae Ergasilus lizae

14. Acanthocephala

15. Acanthocephala

16. Fundulus majalis, striped killifish  Protozoa Chloromyxum renalis Chloromyxum renalis Myxobolus funduli Myxobolus funduli Oodinium cyprinodontum Oodinium cyprinodontum  Trematoda Ascocotyle angrense Ascocotyle angrense A. diminuta A. diminuta Acanthocephala Acanthocephala Rhadinorhynchus pristis Rhadinorhynchus pristis  Crustacea Argulus funduli Argulus funduli Ergasilus manicatus Ergasilus manicatus

17. Fundulus heteroclitus, mummichog  Parasites  Protozoa Eimeria funduli Eimeria funduli Eimeria sp. Eimeria sp. Glugea hertwigi Glugea hertwigi Kudoa sp. Kudoa sp. Myxidium folium Myxidium folium Myxobolus bilineatum Myxobolus bilineatum M. funduli M. funduli M. hudsonius M. hudsonius M. subtecalis M. subtecalis Oodinium cyprinodontum Oodinium cyprinodontum Plistophora sp. Plistophora sp. Sphaerospora renalis Sphaerospora renalis

18. Fundulus heteroclitus (cont.)  Trematoda Ascocotyle angrense Ascocotyle angrense A. diminuta A. diminuta Clinostonum complanatum Clinostonum complanatum Crepidostomum cooperi Crepidostomum cooperi Diplostomulum nassa Diplostomulum nassa Echinochasmusschwartzi Echinochasmusschwartzi Homalometron pallidum Homalometron pallidum Stephanoprora denticulate Stephanoprora denticulate Tetracotyle sp. Tetracotyle sp.

19. Fundulus heteroclitus (cont.)  Cestoidea Cyclustera sp. Cyclustera sp. Proteocephalus sp. Proteocephalus sp.  Nematoda Contracaecum spiculigerum Contracaecum spiculigerum Dichelyne bullocki Dichelyne bullocki D. lintoni D. lintoni Eustrongylides sp. Eustrongylides sp.

20. Tapeworm

22. Fundulus heteroclitus (cont.)  Monogenea Gyrodactylus foxi Gyrodactylus foxi G. prolongus G. prolongus G. stephanus G. stephanus Gyrodactylus sp. Gyrodactylus sp. Salsuginis angularis Salsuginis angularis S. heteroclite S. heteroclite Swingleus sp. Swingleus sp.

23. Fundulus heteroclitus (cont.)  Acanthocephala Fessisentis freidi Fessisentis freidi Neochinorhynchus cylindratus Neochinorhynchus cylindratus N. rutili N. rutili  Crustacea Argulus funduli Argulus funduli Ergasilus funduli Ergasilus funduli E. lizae E. lizae E. monicatus E. monicatus Livoneca ovalis Livoneca ovalis

24. Complexities of a Food Web