1. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE SCHWARZSCHILD EQUATION FOR RADIATION TRANSFER WHEN SCATTERING IS NEGLIGIBLE From Grant Petty’s Book, A first course in Atmospheric Radiation.

2. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Atmosphere Emission Measurements, Downwelling Radiance Notes: 1.Wavelength range for CO2, H20, O3, CH4. 2.Envelope blackbody curves. 3.Monster inversion in Barrow. 4.Water vapor makes the tropical window dirty.

3. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. RENO FTIR SPECTRA

4. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. RENO FTIR SPECTRA

5. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Coincident FTIR Measurements, Down and Up.

6. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. More Examples of FTIR Data from a Satellite

7. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Comments on Figure 8.3. The very strong CO 2 line at 15 microns typically gives the gas temperature closest to the FTIR spectrometer.

8. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Self Study Questions

9. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. FTIR Data from the NASA ER2 with Responsible Gases labeled. IR Window 8-13 microns. IR radiation from the Earth’s surface escapes to space (cooling the Earth). Absorption by O 3 near 9 microns ‘dirties’ the window. (From Liou, pg 120).

10. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Weighting Functions for Satellite Remote Sensing using the strong CO2 absorption near 15.4 microns. (from Wallace and Hobbs, 2nd edition)

11. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Atmospheric Temperature Profile: US “Standard” Atmosphere. From Liou Cirrus cloud level. High cold clouds, visible optical depth range 0.001 to 10, emits IR to surface in the IR window.

12. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Cirrus Clouds: Small Crystals at Top, -40 C to -60 C nucleation Growth and fall Evaporation

13. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. FTIR Data from the NASA ER2, Clear and Cloudy Sky. (From Liou’s book). The ice cloud with small ice crystals has emissivity << 1, so the ground below is partially seen. Clouds reduce the IR making it to space in the atmospheric window region. IR Atmospheric window region

14. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Ice Refractive Index Red shows the atmospheric window region. The resonance in the window region is useful for remote sensing. The real part goes close to 1, making anomalous diffraction theory a fairly reasonable approach for cross sections.

15. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Skin Depth and Absorption Efficiency

16. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Cloud Emissivity in General and Zero Scattering Approximation.

17. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Cirrus with Small Crystals IR Transmission Model Message: Curve has basic shape of the IR spectrum for small cirrus, primarily a transmission problem of ground radiance through the cloud, with a small emission correction. ASSUMES ZERO SCATTERING.

18. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Cirrus with Small Crystals IR Emission Model Message: Curve has basic shape of the IR spectrum for small cirrus, primarily a transmission problem of ground radiance through the cloud, with a small emission correction.

19. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Cirrus with Small Crystals IR Emission Model

20. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. IR Cooling Rates (from Liou) Message: Clouds are good absorbers and emitters of IR radiation. MLS is a moist midlatitude profile, SAW is a dry subarctic winter profile. Cooling rate is from the vertical divergence of the net irradiance absorbed and emitted.

21. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Dances of the Molecules in the Atmosphere: Which dance? Depends on temperature, available IR photons. From Liou

22. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Atmospheric Temperature Profile: US “Standard” Atmosphere. From Liou Dances of the Molecules in the Atmosphere: Which dance? Depends on temperature, available IR photons.

23. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Line Strength Temperature Dependence Summary *** Energy levels are determined from quantum mechanics, electronic, vibration, rotation etc, as related to molecular mass, charge distribution, orientation, number of atoms, etc. *** # of molecules in each state is determined from statistical mechanics, partition function, thermal energy. Is there sufficient thermal energy to populate the energy levels above the ground state? What is the probability molecules are in a given energy state?

24. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Some Energy States of Water Molecules http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration

25. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Is it likely that a molecule can be in energy state E l ? Water Vapor must be in state E l before it can absorb photon with energy h 0 c. Molecules are in lower energy states at lower temperature.

26. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Number of Lower Energy States for Water Molecules in Wavenumber bins for the Wavenumber Range 500-750 cm -1.

27. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Line Strength Temperature Dependence Water Vapor: Weak Line

28. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Line Strength Temperature Dependence Water Vapor: Strong Line

29. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Line Strength Temperature Dependence Water Vapor

30. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Line Strength and Lower Energy States and Temperature

31. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Electronic, Vibrational, energy levels and the big break up (dissociation level) From Liou

32. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Absorption cross sections of O 3 and O 2 in the UV and Visible. Strongly affects atmospheric chemistry, thermal structure, and amount of deadly UV that doesn’t make it to the surface.

33. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Depth for  abs =[B abs (Z toa -H)]=1 as a function of wavelength, and the gases responsible for absorption. H (km)

34. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Classical Stratospheric Ozone Theory of Chapman (1930) (from Liou)

35. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Ozone Number Density: Theory and Measurements.

36. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Solar Spectrum, Top of the Atmosphere and at the Surface Shaded region is solar irradiance removed by Rayleigh scattering and absorption by gases as indicated. (from Liou).

37. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. ERBE View of the radiation story (Wallace and Hobbs CH4) Note the IR cold spots near the Equator and the cold poles.

38. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. ERBE View of the radiation story (Wallace and Hobbs CH4)

39. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Color, texture, scattering in the visible…. See student pictures also….

40. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Light Scattering Basics (images from Wallace and Hobbs CH4). Sphere, radius r, complex refractive index n=m r + im i x x x m r =1.5 QsQs Angular Distribution of scattered radiation (phase function) x x x Dipole scattering

41. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Geometrical Optics: Interpret Most Atmospheric Optics from Raindrops and lawn sprinklers (from Wallace and Hobbs CH4) Rainbow from raindrops Primary Rainbow Angle: Angle of Minimum Deviation (turning point) for rays incident with 2 chords in raindrops. Secondary Rainbow Angle: Angle of Minimum Deviation (turning point) for rays incident with 3 chords in raindrops.

42. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Geometrical Optics: Rainbow (from Petty) Angle of minimum deviation from the forward direction. Focusing or confluence of rays. x Distance x is also known as the impact parameter. (Height above the sphere center.)

43. Pat Arnott, ATMS 749, UNR, 2006. Geometrical Optics: Interpret Most Atmospheric Optics from Ice Crystals (from Wallace and Hobbs CH4) 22 deg and 45 deg Halos from cirrus crystals of the column or rosette (combinations of columns) types. Both are angle of deviation phenomena like the rainbow. Crystal orientation important. 22 deg halo, more common, thumb rule to measure size of arc.