1. Revolutions in the Americas Central and South America/United States

2. Reason for Independence in Latin and South America Ethnic and cultural differences of people there Reforms imposed by Europeans Inspired by French and American Revolutions

3. Haiti Declaration of Rights of Man in France allowed for voting rights for all free men including mulattoes French settlers there did not want this Toussaint L’Ouverture – led revolution against French settlers Became a hero in Hispaniola Napoleon sent general to put down revolution Armistice made – French broke it and put Toussaint in prison 1804 – Independence from France declared

4. Mexican Independence Movement started when Spain was conquered by Napoleon Father Hidalgo – made first call for independence He included all of the mixed groups of Mexico Wanted revolution against Peninsulares Peninsulares = colonists in Mexico who born in Spain Executed by Spanish once they realized he was behind revolt Hidalgo inspired: Jose Maria Morelos – organized Mexican Congress and led troops who took parts of Mexico and made them independent Not all mixed groups wanted independence Creoles led a counter-revolution and put a Creole leader Augustin I in power as emperor and declared Mexico its own country

5. South American Movements Simon Bolivar – He led a revolution against Spanish Authority in area known as Gran Columbia Never could spread further into South America Jose de San Martin – fought for independence in Southern part of South America primarily in Argentina Conquered Chile Resigned his leadership to Simon Bolivar Pedro I – led Brazil to independence without much violence

6. United States Grows Louisiana Purchase – gave the U.S. land up to the Mississippi River after buying it from France Monroe Doctrine – made the Americas off limits to new foreign colonies Texas Annexation: Colonies of Americans set up by Moses Austin in Texas Territory Texas becomes state in U.S. in 1845 Mexican American War – gave U.S. the American Southwest Manifest Destiny – Americans felt they had God-given right to settle all lands west of Mississippi River Found Gold in California Forced Native Americans off their land – Trail of Tears Reservations set up in the Plains and Natives lost much of their freedom

7. Civil War in America Causes: Fight for states rights vs. federal laws Slavery became the point of contention Some states felt they needed slave labor to keep their economy Industrialized Northern States felt slave labor should be abolished Kansas-Nebraska Act – caused trouble because people felt leaving idea of slave labor up to states was wrong Succession – started with South Carolina Followed election of Abraham Lincoln – was anti-slavery

8. War Details Started in April 1861 Started with firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina Lasted for 4 years – over 500,000 troops died from battle or disease Emancipation Proclamation – Declaration made by Lincoln during the Civil War that pronounced all slaves were seen as free by the Union Armies of the North Gettysburg – turning point of the war in Pennsylvania where Union forces saw themselves actually winning the war 1865 – Confederates surrender to Union at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

9. Effects of the Civil War Southern economy and property was ruined Forced Reconstruction movement – had to rebuild roads, railroads, and industry in the South Many constitutional laws passed to help settle disagreements among people of the United States Civil Rights Movement begins: 14 th Amendment – citizenship given to all free slaves 15 th Amendment – voting rights not denied based on race Southern States did not abide by all laws but were readmitted to Union anyway

10. Questions #1 Why did Revolution in occur in South and Central America? What inspired the Haitian movement for independence from France? Who led the Haitian Independence movement? Who made the first call for independence in Mexico?

11. Question #2 What are Peninsulares? Who did Hidalgo inspire? What group did not want total freedom from Spain? What three men led revolutions in South America?

12. Questions #3 What 4 ways did America expand itself? What were the 4 main causes of the Civil War When and where did the Civil War begin and end? What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

13. Questions #4 What battle was the turning point of the Civil War? What were the effects of the Civil War on America? What was done by the following Amendments: 14 th Amendment? 15 th Amendment?