1. Research Profession and Practice ETHICS IN ADVANCED PREHOSPITAL CARE

2. Research Profession and Practice Topics Ethics Morals Law Advanced Directives

3. Research Profession and Practice The four principles approach to ethics Respect for autonomy – ‘self rule’ –Autonomy is the principle that allows an individual to –have control over their being. –This means that any decision that they make about their –treatment must be respected. Nonmaleficence –‘do no harm’ –This principle advocates not causing undue harm to the –patient. –Such harm may be considered direct physical harm, such as the –insertion of an intravenous cannula, or harm brought about by –failing to consider foreseeable outcomes of a proposed course –of action, such as leaving a vulnerable patient at home when –their presentation requires hospitalization. The negative impact –of any harm must be balanced against the potential benefit –achieved.

4. Research Profession and Practice Beneficence –‘do good’ –This principle advocates maximizing benefits and –minimizing harm to patients. –Beneficence underlies all of the actions of the healthcare –professional and can be allied with the term ‘best interests’. It is –important to note that a patient’s perspective of what is in their –best interests may not always be the same as that of the health –professional caring for them. In these cases, there may appear –to the paramedic to be a conflict between beneficence, –nonmaleficence and autonomy. Justice –‘what is right?’ –This principle looks at what is right or fair in any given –situation. –For example, patients who have mental health problems have –the same right to appropriate treatment as those who do not. –In the paramedic world, situations such as availability of –resources and time spent on scene with patients could be –considered when looking at justice.

5. Research Profession and Practice Introduction In one survey, almost 15% of ALS calls in an urban system generated ethical conflict. In another survey, EMS providers reported frequent ethical problems related to patient refusals, hospital destinations, and advance directives. Other aspects include patient confidentiality, consent, the obligation to provide care, and research.

6. Research Profession and Practice Ethics VS. Morals Ethics and morals are closely related concepts but distinctly separate. Morals are the social, religious, or personal standards of right and wrong. Ethics are the rules or standards that govern the conduct of members of a particular group or profession.

7. Research Profession and Practice Relationship of Ethical and Legal Issues with Medicine

8. Research Profession and Practice Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Ethical relativism suggests that each person must decide how to behave and whatever decision that person makes is okay. Some say, “Just do what is right.” –is this easy or right??

9. Research Profession and Practice Code of Ethics Many organizations have developed a code of ethics over the years for their members. Most codes of ethics address broad humanitarian concerns and professional etiquette. Examples that apply Very few provide solid guidance on the kind of ethical problems commonly faced by practitioners.

10. Research Profession and Practice To gain and maintain the respect of their colleagues and their patients, it is vital that individual paramedics exemplify the principles and values of their profession.

11. Research Profession and Practice The single most important question a paramedic has to answer when faced with an ethical challenge is: WHAT IS IN THE PATIENT’S BEST INTEREST?

12. Research Profession and Practice 4 Principles to Resolve Ethical Problems Beneficence is the principle of doing good for the patient. Nonmaleficence is the obligation not to harm the patient. Autonomy is a competent adult patient’s right to determine what happens to his or her own body. Justice refers to the obligation to treat all patients fairly.

13. Research Profession and Practice An approach to ethical decision- making.

14. Research Profession and Practice Quick Ways to Test Ethics Impartiality test---asks whether you would be willing to undergo this procedure or action if you were in the patient’s place. Universalizability test---asks whether you would want this action performed in all relevantly similar circumstances. Interpersonal justifiability test---asks whether you can defend or justify your actions to others.

15. Research Profession and Practice

16. Ethical Issues in Contemporary Paramedic Practice Resuscitation Attempts Confidentiality Consent Allocation of Resources Obligation to Provide Care Teaching Professional Relations Research

17. Research Profession and Practice Resuscitation Attempts Learn the local laws regarding do not resuscitate (DNR) orders. Understand your local policy. “When in doubt, resuscitate.”

18. Research Profession and Practice Confidentiality Your obligation to every patient is to maintain as confidential the information you obtained as a result of your participation in the medical situation. Reporting certain information such as child neglect or elder abuse are exceptions.

19. Research Profession and Practice Consent Patients of legal age have the right to decide what healthcare they will receive. Implied consent may apply in cases where the patient is incapacitated or unable to communicate. Patients are generally able to consent or refuse care if they are alert and oriented, aware of their surroundings, and making sound judgments. When leaving the patient, he or she must understand the issues at hand and be able to make an informed decision.

20. Research Profession and Practice Allocation of Resources Several approaches to consider… –All patients could receive the same amount of attention. –Patients could receive resources based on need. –Patients could receive what someone has determined they’ve earned. Triage is a common field activity that demonstrates one method of allocating scarce resources.

21. Research Profession and Practice Obligation to Provide Care A paramedic… –Has a responsibility to help others. –Is obligated to provide care without regard to the ability to pay or other criteria. –Has a strong ethical obligation to help others even while off-duty.

22. Research Profession and Practice Teaching Two possible ethical questions are raised when a student is caring for patients:  Whether or not patients should be informed that a student is working on them;  How many attempts a student should be allowed to have in performing an intervention.

23. Research Profession and Practice To avoid problems… Clearly identify students as such. The preceptor should, when appropriate, inform the patient of the student’s presence and obtain the patient’s consent. Take the student’s experience and skill level into account and have a pre-determined limit identified for the number of attempts at a procedure.

24. Research Profession and Practice Professional Relations A paramedic answers to the patient, the physician medical director, and to his employer. Sometimes conflict arises out of such relationships. Know your policies…and communicate.

25. Research Profession and Practice Research EMS research is only in its infancy but is essential to the advancement of EMS. Strict rules and guidelines must be followed when conducting patient care-related studies. Gaining the patient’s consent is paramount.

26. Research Profession and Practice Summary Ethics Morals Law Advance Directives