1. REAL TIME

2. 7/10/11 Now Digitized: Sense/Observe Collect/Distribute Analyze Simulate Live, Full-scale Giga-Places Peta-Bytes, Tera-OPS Femto-time Observe Learn Decide Act Interoperable, pervasive networking Ubiquitous sensors Real-time, massive analysis Automated learning Vast, evolving knowledge stores

5. What is “real time”? Real Time Systems: Live, always-on, reactive, interactive, stable, controllable, adaptive Then What If? Now In Time Too Late

6. 7/10/11 Then What If? Now Later What If? Rate -1

7. Time Frames and Operation Rates Observation time – measure, discriminate Analysis time – communicate, contextualize, understand Decision time – choose, formulate, distribute Action time – energize,drive 7/10/11

8. Sample rates vary with applications Pico to milli- seconds Speed of a process Days to weeksDecades Stock trading incl’d programmed trading Automobile controls engines to driverless control Water resources measurement, modeling & controls SCIENCE SurveillanceMemory recallClimate change Content distribution Power grid demand

9. It all begins with simulation… Simulator with Human Sensors* Model of System e.g. airplane *Sensors may be people

10. MIT Whirlwind (c1951) first real time computer. Begot SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)

13. Sample rate versus utility Pico to milli- seconds Speed of a processDays to weeksDecades Stock trading incl’d programmed trading Automobile controls engines to driverless control; Power grid demand Water resources measurement, modeling & controls SCIENCE SurveillanceMemory recallClimate change Content distribution

14. Wes Clark, Lincoln Laboratory, and LINC, first PC. LINC: Laboratory Instrument Computer c. 1962 Real time processing for bio-medical research.

15. Real time Sensing e.g. laboratory control, simulators REAL WORLD System Sensors* Observers, Model Builders e.g. Scientists *Sensors may be people Channel to effect behavior

16. LINC 2007 Vintage Computer Fair (At age 45 … turns 50 next year)

17. Some other real time computers Whirlwind: Bright Boys 1962 LINC that influenced PDP-5 8/1963 PDP-5 for interfacing a Canadian research reactor to a PDP-4 (controller) RT-11 from OS/8 begot CPM >> DOS RSX-11

18. Sensing… REAL WORLD System Sensors* Observations by human operators *Sensor/effector may be people Sharing of data To effect change

19. Plain old closed loop control Real time Control REAL WORLD System Model of REAL WORLD System Sensors* Effectors* Advice (t+1) Controller (Processing, policies and people) *Sensor/effector may be people

20. Real time and Control with/wo Real World Modeling REAL WORLD System Model of REAL WORLD System Sensor s* Effector s* Advice (t+1) Controller (Processing, policies and people) *Sensor/effector may be people Delays and Noise