1. 1.1 History of Healthcare Early beginnings
People believed illnesses were from evil spirits
Exorcism
Trephining
Trephining: tribal doctor removed part of the cranium to exorcise demons

2. Herbs & plants Digitalis: Chewed leaves of foxglove to slow heartbeat
Quinine: from bark. For fever, muscle spasms, and to prevent malaria
Beladonna & Atropine: relieve muscle spasms, esp GI
Morphine from poppies: pain medication
Digitalis: now for CHF and heart rhythm problems

3. Egyptians Earliest people to keep accurate health records
Priests acted as physicians
Splinted fractures
Bloodletting with leeches
Superstitious

4. Chinese
Acupuncture

5. Greeks Physicians housed in sacred temples of healing
First to study disease as natural, not spiritual, process
Kept detailed records
Research helped eliminate superstition
Further developed uses of massage and herbal therapies

6. Hippocrates, ca. 469-377 BC Greek Father of Medicine
No dissection allowed in ancient times
Based knowledge of anatomy and physiology by studying external body
Wrote Oath of Hippocrates
Standard of ethics

7. Hippocratic Oath Original Modern
Modern

8. Sanitation Greeks discovered some disease from lack of sanitation
Romans learned from Greeks
Developed sanitation systems
Aquaducts
Sewers
Public baths with filtering systems

9. Romans

10. Roman Bath Houses

11. Roman Sewage

12. Romans Sent medical equipment and physicians with armies
Physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill
Beginning of hospitals
Physicians paid by Roman government

13. Romans Physicians wore “death mask” Had a beak filled with spices
Believed it protected them from infection and bad odors

14. Dark Ages and Middle Ages
Medicine practices only in convents and monasteries
Primary treatment was prayer
Care was custodial
Writings of Greek and Roman physicians collected and translated by monks

15. Dark Ages and Middle Ages
Epidemics caused millions of deaths
Bubonic plague
Smallpox
Diptheria
Syphillis
Tuberculosis
Today controlled by vaccines

16. Renaissance Rebirth of learning
Built universities and medical schools for research
Dissection (autopsy) became accepted
Development of printing press and publishing of books

17. 16th and 17th Centuries
Leonardo da Vinci: studied and recorded anatomy of the human body

18. Leonardo da Vinci

19. 16th and 17th centuries William Harvey Gabriele Fallopius
Described physiology of the heart
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered fallopian tubes
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered tube leading from ear to throat
Antonie van Leewenhoek
Invented microscope
Found that bacteria causes tooth decay

20. 16th and 17th centuries Quackery Mass death from childbed fever
Disease
Causes of infection and disease not understood

21. 18th Century Elizabeth Blackwell: first female physician
Rene Laennec: invented stethoscope
Joseph Priestly: Discovered element oxygen, and that plants refresh oxygen for respiration
Benjamin Franklin: bifocals, transmission of colds
Edward Jenner: smallpox vaccination

22. First stethoscope
Made of wood

23. 19th and 20th centuries
Beginning of organized advancement of medical science
Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified cause of childbed fever
Women were dying after giving birth
Women who used midwives instead of physicians had higher survival rates

24. 19th and 20th centuries (cont’d)
Difference between physicians and midwives? HANDWASHING
Physicians conducted dissections on dead bodies in “dead rooms.” Did not wash hands or change aprons before going in to deliver babies
Other physicians laughed at Semmelweis
Eventually proven

25. 19th and 20th centuries Louis Pasteur: Father of Microbiology
Discovered microorganisms everywhere and that they caused disease
Before this discovery, doctors thought microorganisms were created by disease
Invented process of pasteurization
Created Rabies vaccine

26. 19th and 20th centuries
Joseph Lister: first doctor to use antiseptic in surgery to prevent infection
Ernst von Bergmann: developed asepsis (sterility)
Robert Koch: identified the bacterium that causes tuerculosis
Wilhelm Roentgen: discovered x-rays
Paul Ehrlich: found treatment for syphillis

27. 19th and 20th centuries Anesthesia used for first time in surgery
Nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform
Before anesthesia
Herbs
Hashish
Alcohol
Choking unconscious

28. 19th and 20th centuries Other discoveries included: Sulfa drugs
Viruses
Psychology/psychiatry (Freud)
Penicillin (Fleming)
Polio Vaccine (dead – Salk; live – Sabin)
Molecular structure of DNA (Crick and Watson)

29. 21st Century Holistic medicine Telemedicine Transplants/reattachments
Treat whole patient
Alternative/complimentary methods
Telemedicine
Transplants/reattachments
Use of technology
Noninvasive techniques
Prenatal care/surgery

30. 21st century
People living longer
Geriatric medicine, assisted living

31. Florence Nightingale Opened school of nursing
Prior to this time, nursing not a respectable occupation
“too old, too weak, too drunken, too dirty, or too bad to do anything else”
Nightingale cared for soldiers during Crimean War – dying from cholera
In recognition of her services, funding set up for training of nurses.
Designed a hospital ward to improve environment and care of patients

32. Clara Barton Volunteer nurse in American Civil War
After the war, established bureau of records to help find missing soldiers
Campaigned for Treaty of Geneva – provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers
Established American Red Cross

33. Patient care today Team approach
Registered nurse (RN), Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN)
Certified Nurse Assistant (CNA)
Patient Care Technician (PCT)
Support techs

34. Review Questions
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