1. . M1 (1) Articles: a/an-the a/an ی نکره یک نکره a book an apple a bag He wrote a letter to his friend. معادل بی Ø در حالت کلی A lion is a dangerous animal. A teacher should be active in the class. A student should study hard.

2. . M1 (1) Articles: a/an-the The معادل بی Ø این وآن صفات اشاره مذکور-یادشده- موردنظر- فوق – فوق الذکر Our teacher asked us a question. The question was difficult. __________________________________ A most important rule The biggest book

3. . The very همین ،همان I’ve read the very book. before my very eyes ___ ____ M1 N

4. . Some + مقداری چند-تعدادی some water some students ___ ____ M1 N I’ve bought some bread. Some students study hard. Would you like some coffee? Would you give me some examples? _________ NP

5. . Some book اسم + ی نکره some wire some white wire ___ ____ M1 N Some white wire should be placed there. Some one Some body Some thing Some time Some times _________________________________ Some 500 students _________ NP حدودِ

6. . Many, Both, Several Many birds are Both classes are Several boys are ____________________________ Many تعداد زیادی (از) بسیاری (از) There are many birds on the tree. Many birds sing beautifully. He has many friends. Many of the students went.

7. . Either, Neither هر یک از دو هیچ یک از دو Either apple is Neither apple is ___ ____ M1 N _________ NP Either way is possible. Neither answer is correct. Either student is smart. Neither student is smart. Both, Either, Neither 1. both….and either…or neither…nor 2. M1

8. . No Ø + ی نکره هیچ + ی نکره No book is on the table. No books are on the table. No water is in the glass. ____________________________ All همه ی – تمامِ – کلِ All (the) book is All (the) books are All (the) water is

9. . Less مقدار کمتری 1. M1 less water ___ ____ M1 N _________ NP 2. Adv less warm ___ _____ adv adj less big apples less important problem less warm water

10. . less pure gold the less easy exercise 2. Adv less warm 1 کمتر + صفت 2 صفت عکس + تر Less contaminated water Less beautiful birds

11. . Most بیشتر ِ – غالبِ – اکثرِ – قسمت عمده most water most books ___ ____ M1 N _________ NP the most beautiful ______ _______ adv adj most important problems most important book *

12. a lot of, lots of, plenty of تعداد زیادی (از) مقدار زیادی We have lots of water to survive in this desert. These were a lot of people in the party last night.

13. Few, a few, very few, quite a few تعداد کمی – تعدادی – تعداد بسیار کمی – تعداد بسیاری She thinks that it’s better to have few close friends, than lots of acquaintance.

14. Little, a little, very little, quite a little مقدار کمی – مقداری – مقدار بسیار کمی – مقدار بسیاری I’ve put a little sugar into your coffee. Deserts receive little rain.

15. . -driven electricitydriven car -centered humancenterd -led studentled demonstration -poor Oxygenpoor soil -rich Oxygenrich air -ory introductory (observatory) -ary elementary (dictionary)

16. . M1 M2 M3 N M4 M5 M6 M7 M5M5 Prepositional Phrase PP → P rep NPin the garden __ __ _____ Prep M1 N ___________ PP The tree in the garden ___ ___ ___________ M1 N PP (M5) _____________________ NP

17. . A book on history A beautiful letter from my friend Some delicious food in the refrigerator 1.Translation (3)V- -Np Np- We got interested in such huge organic molecules A detailed theoretical research on wild animals on a cold night

18. . M1 M2 M3 N M4 M5 M6 M7 M7M7 Relative Clause (RC) RC → Relative Pronouns + Sentence Relative Pronouns ↓ Wh + That (but While) The man who is playing golf NP RC Relative Clause → ? → M7

19. Passive voice The apple was eaten سیب خورده شد. The apple was eaten by Sara Sara ate the apple. سیب خورده شد توسط سارا. معلوم سازی : سارا سیب را خورد. معلوم سازی و برجسته سازی : سیب را سارا خورد.

20. The apple can be eaten سیب می تواند خورده شود. Sara can eat the apple. The apple can be eaten by sara. معلوم سازی و برجسته سازی : سیب را می توان خورد. معلوم سازی: سارا می تواند سیب را بخورد. معلوم سازی و برجسته سازی : : سیب را سارا می تواند بخورد. سیب می تواند خورده شود توسط سارا.

21. It can be explained in a better way. It must be kept in a cool place.

22. 4 - قید ها و صفت هایی که شکل یکسان دارند. Hard A hard exam I study hard. _ ___ ____ ___ M1 M2 N Adv Long _ ___ ___ ___ M1 M2 N Adv A long trip It was long believed that.... Fast A fast car I drive fast. _ ___ __ ___ M1 M2 N Adv

23. Late his late wife I got up late. __ __ ___ ___ M1 M2 N Adv Early ___ ___ ___ M2 N Adv early men I get up early every day

24. SC I called him yesterday. Yesterday, I called him. I called him yesterday. Yesterday, I called him. I called him when you asked me. When you asked me, I called him. I called him when you asked me. When you asked me, I called him. _______________ SC _______________ SC When you asked me, I called him.

25. When Whenever While Where Wherever Because Since As if Even if Even though Unless Provided Providing although Though While whereas As if As though As much as As long as As far as As soon as No sooner than In that So that Such that Lest whilst

26. قید ها در فارسی : 1. قیدهای تنوین دار عربی : مثلاً - اتفاقاً – ثانیاً ناچاراً – زباناً – دوماً – گاهاً 2. قیدهای مشتق فارسی : - اسم یا صفت + پسوند انه : شجاعانه - بن مضارع + ان : خندان, گریان - اسم + پسوند اسا, وار, گونه - به + اسم یا صفت : به سرعت

27. 3. قید های بدون علامت : دیروز - امروز – اکنون تند – خوب – راحت 4. گروه حرف اضافه : با سرعت زیاد - در خانه آن مرد 5. گروه اسمی : ( در ) ماه گذشته 6. بند وابسته Ali went quickly.

28. چند نکته درباره قیدها : نکته 1: Considerably – astonishingly – increasingly – surprisingly – horribly – strikingly – tragically – dramatically – terribly A tragically funny movie A dramatically interesting book