1. Respiratory tract pathology Premed 2 Pathophysiology

3. Common Upper respiratory tract Disorders Acute rhinitis -common cold -adenovirus Allergic rhinitis -type I hypersensitivity reaction -mast cells, basophils Bacterial infection -superimposed infection -common bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Hemophilus

4. Sinusitis -inflammation of the paranasal sinuses Laryngitis -edema, inflammation, hoarseness Acute epiglotitis -severe, children -Hemophilus influenzae

5. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis -croup -inflammation of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis -viral infection

6. Malignancies of the URT Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -SEA and Africa -Epstein-Barr virus Squamous cell carcinoma -most frequently occurring tumor

7. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease Airflow obstruction Decrease in 1-minute forced expiratory volume Increased/normal forced vital capacity Bronchial asthma Chronic bronchitis Pulmonary emphysema Bronchiectasis

8. Bronchial asthma Episodes of dyspnea Wheezing on expiration Smooth muscle hypertrophy Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal glands and goblet cells Viscid mucus with Curschmann spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals

9. Chronic bronchitis Productive cough that occurs for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal glands  increased Reid index Reid index: ratio of the thickness of the gland layer to that of the bronchial wall Cigarette smoking Air pollution Infection Complication: cor pulmonale

10. Chronic bronchitis

11. Emphysema Dilatation of the air spaces Destruction of the alveolar walls Lack of elastic recoil Increased antero-posterior diameter of the chest Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory acidosis Cigarette smoking Hereditary alpha-antitrypsin deficiency

12. Bronchiectasis Permanent abnormal bronchial dilatation Chronic infection Inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial wall Copious pururlent sputum Hemoptysis Lung abscess

13. Predisposing factor: -bronchial tumor -Kartagener syndrome: sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus

14. Respiratory Distress Syndrome Surfactant –decreases the surface tension of the alveoli –needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) Adult respiratory distress syndrome

15. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Hyaline membrane disease Most common cause of death in premature infants Dyspnea, cyanosis, tachynea after birth Deficiency of surfactant: dipalmitoyl lecithin; from type II pneumocytes

16. HMD Predisposing factors prematurity maternal diabetes caesarean section

17. Pneumoconiosis Anthracosis: carbon dust Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis: coal dust Silicosis: free silica dust Asbestosis: asbestos fibers  ferruginous bodies -brochogenic carcinoma -malignant mesothelioma

18. Bronchogenic carcinoma Directly proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the number of years Air pollution Radiation: radium, uranium Asbestos Nickel, chromates

19. Bronchogenic carcinoma 5-year survival rate: 10 % Cough hempotysis bronchial obstruction Local extension: pleura, pericardium, ribs

20. Bronchogenic carcinoma