1. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT Disicipline ITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP 1 Unit 7 Permutation and Combination

2. IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP2 ‪In this section, techniques will be introduced for counting ‪ the unordered selections of distinct objects and ‪ the ordered arrangements of objects ‪of a finite set.

3. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP3 7.1 Arrangements ‪The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a line is n !. ‪Note: n ! = n (n-1) (n-2) ···3 x 2 x 1

4. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP4 Example 7.1-1 ‪It is known that the password on a computer system contain ‪the three letters A, B and C ‪followed by the six digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. ‪Find the number of possible passwords.

5. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP5 Solution 7.1-1 ‪There are 3! ways of arranging the letters A, B and C, and ‪6! ways of arranging the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. ‪Therefore the total number of possible passwords is ‪3! x 6! = 4320. ‪i.e. 4320 different passwords can be formed.

6. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP6 Like Objects ‪The number of ways of arranging in a line ‪n objects, ‪of which p are alike, is

7. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP7 The result can be extended as follows: ‪The number of ways of arranging in a line n objects ‪of which p of one type are alike, ‪q of a second type are alike, ‪r of a third type are alike, and so on, is

8. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP8 Example 7.1-2 ‪Find the number of ways that the letters of the word ‪STATISTICS ‪can be arranged.

9. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP9 Solution 7.1-2 ‪The word STATISTICS contains ‪10 letters, in which ‪S occurs 3 times, ‪T occurs 3 times and ‪I occurs twice.

10. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP10 ‪Therefore the number of ways is ‪That is, there are 50400 ways of arranging the letter in the word STATISTICS.

11. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP11 Example 7.1-3 ‪A six-digit number is formed from the digits ‪1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 5 and ‪repetitions are not allowed. ‪How many these six-digit numbers ‪are divisible by 5?

12. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP12 Solution 7.1-3 ‪If the number is divisible by 5 then it must end with the digit ‪5. ‪Therefore the number of these six-digit numbers which are divisible by 5 is equal to the number of ways of arranging the digits ‪1, 1, 2, 2, 2.

13. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP13 ‪Then, the required number is ‪That is, there are 10 of these six-digit numbers are divisible by 5.

14. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP14 7.2 Permutations ‪A permutation of a set of distinct objects is an ordered arrangement of these objects. ‪An ordered arrangement of r elements of a set is called an r-permutation. ‪The number of r-permutations of a set with n distinct elements,

15. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP15 ‪Note: 0! is defined to 1, so i.e. the number of permutations of r objects taken from n unlike objects is:

16. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP16 Example 7.2-1 ‪Find the number of ways of placing ‪3 of the letters A, B, C, D, E ‪in 3 empty spaces.

17. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP17 Solution 7.2-1 ‪The first space can be filled in ‪5 ways. ‪The second space can be filled in ‪4 ways. ‪The third space can be filled in ‪3 ways.

18. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP18 ‪Therefore there are ‪5 x 4 x 3 ways ‪of arranging 3 letters taken from 5 letters. ‪This is the number of permutations of 3 objects taken from 5 and ‪it is written as P(5, 3), ‪so P(5, 3) = 5 x 4 x 3 = 60.

19. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP19 ‪On the other hand, 5 x 4 x 3 could be written as ‪Notice that the order in which the letters are arranged is important --- ‪ABC is a different permutation from ACB.

20. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP20 Example 7.2-2 ‪How many different ways are there to select ‪one chairman and ‪one vice chairman ‪from a class of 20 students.

21. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP21 Solution 7.2-2 ‪The answer is given by the number of ‪2-permutations of a set with 20 elements. ‪This is ‪P(20, 2) = 20 x 19 = 380

22. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP22 7.3 Combinations ‪An r-combination of elements of a set is an unordered selection of r elements from the set. ‪Thus, an r-combination is simply a subset of the set with r elements.

23. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP23 ‪The number of r-combinations of a set with n elements, ‪ where n is a positive integer and ‪ r is an integer with 0 <= r <= n, ‪i.e. the number of combinations of r objects from n unlike objects is

24. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP24 Example 7.3-1 ‪How many different ways are there to select two class representatives from a class of 20 students?

25. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP25 Solution 7.3-1 ‪The answer is given by the number of 2- combinations of a set with 20 elements. ‪The number of such combinations is

26. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP26 Example 7.3-2 ‪A committee of 5 members is chosen at random from ‪6 faculty members of the mathematics department and ‪8 faculty members of the computer science department.

27. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP27 ‪In how many ways can the committee be chosen if ‪(a)there are no restrictions; ‪(b)there must be more faculty members of the computer science department than the faculty members of the mathematics department.

28. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP28 Solution 7.3-2 ‪(a)There are 14 members, from whom 5 are chosen. ‪ The order in which they are chosen is not important. ‪ So the number of ways of choosing the committee is ‪ C(14, 5) = 2002.

29. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP29 ‪(b)If there are to be more ‪ faculty members of the computer science department than ‪ the faculty members of the mathematics department, ‪ then the following conditions must be fulfilled.

30. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP30 ‪(i)5 faculty members of the computerscience department. ‪ The number of ways of choosing is ‪C(8, 5) = 56. ‪(ii)4 faculty members of the computer science department and ‪1 faculty member of the mathematics department

31. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP31 ‪The number of ways of choosing is ‪ C(8, 4) x C(6, 1) = 70 x 6 = 420. ‪(iii) 3 faculty members of the computer science department and 2 faculty members of the mathematics department ‪ The number of ways of choosing is ‪ C(8, 3) x C(6, 2) = 56 x 15 = 840

32. Unit 7 Permutation and Combination IT DisiciplineITD1111 Discrete Mathematics & Statistics STDTLP32 ‪Therefore the total number of ways of choosing the committee is ‪56 + 420 + 840 = 1316.