1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 12 Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Zhang Qian’s Trade Mission Sent as ambassador of Han Wudi to try to secure allies against Xiongnu Captured by the Xiongnu Escaped & made it to Bactria Saw Chinese goods being trade in local markets (heard they came via Bengal) Took idea back to Han Wudi to open up trade with Bactria via India Han Wudi defeats Xiongnu; secures trade routes

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements (trade too risky & not cost-effective) Changed in classical period  Improvement of infrastructure (roads & bridges)  Development of empires that almost bordered each other- vast regions of peaceful territories

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trade Networks Develop Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization (established links for trade) Maintenance of roads, bridges Ptolemies discovered monsoon wind patterns (learned from Arab & Indian seaman) Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes Pirates ousted from sea lanes in Red Sea/ Arabian Sea/Indian Ocean Ancient city of Rhapta in East Africa- main port

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trade in the Hellenistic World Bactria/India  Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls Central Asia  Large horses, jade (sold in China) Persia, Egypt  Grain Mediterranean  Wine, oil, jewelry (gold), art, glassworks, textiles Europe  Wool/linen products Development of professional merchant class

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Silk Roads Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial stability Overland trade routes from China to Roman Empire (4000 miles) “Maritime Silk Routes”- sea lanes & maritime trade as well (joined Asia, Africa, Mediterranean basin)

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Silk Roads, 200 BCE-300 CE

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Organization of Long-Distance Trade Divided into small segments (handled in stages) Tariffs & tolls finance local supervision Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage Mostly done w/ camel caravans/ traveled for months/ usually men from lands like Afghanistan & Turkestan were the traders

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes India thru central Asia to east Asia Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants  Towns become cosmopolitan areas b/c of different languages, lands, & religious practices Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 BCE-700 CE

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism in China Wasn’t very popular at first Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5 th c. CE (even into steppe lands)

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia Sea lanes in Indian Ocean spread religion Areas of Java, Sumatra, other islands, Malay peninsula, Modern-day Vietnam, Cambodia 1 st c. CE clear Indian influence in SE Asia  Rulers called “rajas”  Sanskrit used for written communication  Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Christianity in Mediterranean Basin Refused to worship the state-run cults (persecution results) Jesus viewed as a revolutionary; Paul of Tarsus spreads teachings thru-out Roman Empire Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3 rd c. CE (missionary who attracted converts-rumored to have great powers) Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe By 100, sizeable communities as far east as India Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Christianity in SW Asia Influence of ascetic practices from India  abstained from sexual activities  Refused fine foods/comforts  Withdrew from family/ some lived as hermits Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies After 5 th c. CE, followed Nestorius (Patriarch of Constantinople)  Emphasized human nature of Jesus (as opposed to divine nature)

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Spread of Manichaeism Mani- Zoroastrian prophet (216-272 CE) Influenced by Christianity & Buddhism Zarathustra was prophet for Persia, Buddha for India, Jesus for Mediterranean world Dualist- perceived a cosmic struggle  good vs. evil  light vs. dark (light-spiritual awareness, dark- material world)  spirit vs. matter

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Manichaean Society Devout: “the Elect”  More devout  Ascetic lifestyle  Celibacy, vegetarianism  Life of prayer and fasting Laity: “the Hearers”  Less zealous  Material supporters of “the Elect”

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Decline of Manichaeism Spread thru silk routes to major cities in Roman Empire Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sassanid persecution  Mani arrested, dies in captivity Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute Survived in central Asia among Turkish nomadic converts

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Spread of Epidemic Disease Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional self- sufficiency

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Internal Decay of the Han State Court intrigue Formation of actions Problem of land distribution  Large landholders develop private armies Epidemics Peasant rebellions  184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Collapse of the Han Dynasty Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Alliance with landowners 200 CE Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms Immigration of northern nomads increases

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples “China-fication” Adoption of sedentary lifestyle  Agriculture Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity Religions of salvation

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors The Barracks Emperors 235-284 26 claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Diocletan (r. 284-305 CE) Divided empire into two administrative districts Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants  “Tetrarchs” Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletans’s death, civil war follows Constantine emerges victorious

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity  Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5 th c. CE Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor in 476 Ce

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman empire, 450-476 C.E.

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cultural Change in the Roman Empire Growth of Christianity  Constantine’s Vision, 312 CE  Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice  Converts to Christianity 380 CE Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman Empire

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. St. Augustine (354-430 CE) Hippo, North Africa Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism 387 converts to Christianity Major theologian

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Institutional Church Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church  Divinity of Jesus  Role of women Church hierarchy established  Patriarchs, Bishop of Rome primus inter pares