1. Status on SuperB effort Frascati, March 16, 2006 P. Raimondi

2. Outline Basic Concepts (March-Sept,2005) Parameters and layout optimization based on a High-Disrupted regime (Nov, 2005) Parameters and layout optimization for a Minimal-Disrupted regime (Jan, 2005) Layout for a Ring Collider with Linear Collider Parameters Conclusions (4 slides) Action items

3. Basic concepts SuperB factories based on extrapolationg current machines require: Higher currents Smaller damping time (weak function ^1/3) Shorter bunches Higher power SuperB gets very expensive and hard to manage, expecially all the problems related to the high current => look for alternatives

4. Basic Idea comes from the ATF2-FF experiment In the proposed experiment it seems possible to acheive spot sizes at the focal point of about 2um*20nm at very low energy (1 GeV), out from the damping ring Rescaling at about 10GeV/CM we should get sizes of about 1  m*10nm => Is it worth to explore the potentiality of a Collider based on a scheme similar to the Linear Collider one Idea presented at the Hawaii workshop on Super-B factory on March-2005

5. Basic layout: 3-6Km damping rings with 10000-20000 bunches,6-12 Amps E nx =6  m, E ny =0.06  m, damping time <1.5ms - Estract the beams at 100-1000Hz, perform a bunch compression, focus them, collide and reinject the spent beam in the DR - Maintain the currents constant in the DR with continuos injection

6. LinearB scheme IP LER Bunch compressor and FF HER Bunch compressor and FF LER HER Overall rings lenght about 6Km, Collision frequency about 120Hz*10000bunch_trains=1.200MHz Bunch train stays in the rings for 8.3msec, then is extracted, compressed and focused. After the collision is reinjected in its ring LER injectionHer injection

7. Scaling laws to optimize the IP parameters Disruption: Luminosity Energy spread: Decrease  z + decrease N Increase spotsize Increase N Decrease spotsize Increase  z + decrease N Increase spotsize Contraddicting requests!

8. Luminosity The luminosity for a linear collider is: L=Hd Np P / 4  E  x  y Hd : disruption enhancement P : average beam power For a storage ring is: L=K(1+r)  y EI /  y I : beam current  y : vertical tune shift

9. Instead of being a limitation, Beam-Beam interaction might help to increase the luminosity, we should find a suitable parameters set: stable collisions, reasonable outgoing emittances and energy spread Almost linear relation between damping time and luminosity Average current through the detector 10-100 times smaller than in the rings (10-100 mAmps) Rings, althought with a parameter set very similar to the LC ones, have still to handle a lot more current and more radiation from increased damping A lot of the limitations of both kind of colliders are gone. Worth to explore the concept at least with very preliminary calculations and simulations

10. A lot of homework done in collaboration at SLAC and at the LNF for a few months => Leading to a workshop held on Nov,11-12 2005 in Frascati to investigate and optimize the scheme and the feasibility of the different subsystems

11. Luminosity &  E vs N. of bunches at fixed total current = 7.2 A (6.2 Km ring) Energy spread Working point D Study by M. Biagini

12. Horizontal Collision Vertical collision Effective horizontal size during collision about 10 times smaller, vertical size 10 times larger Simulation by D.Schulte First attempt

13. Horizontal phase after the collision Vertical phase after the collision IP Parameters set considered at the workshop caused large increase of the emittance due to the collision: Exout/Exin=12 Eyout/Etin=300 M. Biagini studies

14. Reference geometry 4x7GeV 10000 bunches at 10 11 = 10A 476 MHz at 0.63 m spacing Two damping rings per ring at full energy –3000 m damping ring at 3.7 msec damping –3000 m damping ring at 4.6 msec damping time 120 Hz collisions for 8.3 msec cycle time Assume two damping times between collisions  sum 8.3 msec 4GeV: 20 MeV/turn, Pwall =400 MW 7 GeV: 35 MeV per turn, Pwall=700 MW Total power = 1100 MW

15. How to reduce the power (1st attempt) Use SC linacs to recover energy Use lower energy damping rings to reduce synchrotron radiation No electron damping ring Make electrons fresh every cycle –Damping time means time to radiate all energy –Why not make a fresh beam if storage time is greater than 1 damping time J. Seeman proposal

16. Linear Super B schemes with acceleration and energy recovery e- Gun 2GeV e+ DR IP 5GeV e+ SC Linac e- Dump 7GeV e+ 4 GeV e- 4GeV e- SC Linac 2 GeV e+ injection 2 GeV Linac1.5 GeV Linac Linac Damping Rings 2 GeV Linac e + Gun e - Gun

17. Power budget with this schemes 4 x 7 GeV 10000 bunches at 10 11 = 6A(e+)/12A(e-) Damping ring RFfreq= 500 MHz at 0.6 m spacing SC linac for 5 GeV e- with low emittance photo-gun 5.5GeV SC linac, frequency = 1300 MHz Damping ring for 2 GeV positrons with wigglers –3000 m damping ring at 3.7 msec damping –3000 m damping ring at 4.6 msec damping time 120 Hz collisions for 8.3 msec cycle time Assume two damping times between collisions  sum 8.3 msec Recycle energy for both beams in SC linac structures 2GeV ring: 10 MeV/turn, Pwall =100 MW Accelerate 10 11 particles to 5 GeV (e+) and also 4 GeV (e-) Without energy recovery, beam generation power = 211 MW Assume energy recovery is 99% efficient, needed power = 2 MW Cyrogenic power (1W/MeV) Pwall = 5 kW*1000=5MW Total power = 110 MW J. Seeman study

18. Progress in design optimization after the 1° SuperB workshop Between December-2005 and March-2006 a lot of studies have been made in order to understand what are the sources of the blow-ups in the collision and how to minimize then. Power requirements could be greatly reduced if collision is less disruptive Search for a trade off between luminosity delivered in one collision and power spent for each collision Search for the simplest and more economic solution

19.  x =10  m  y =10nm  z =250um  x =33mm  y =1mm  x =3.3*10 -9  y =10 -13 L norm =Ld/log(  y_out /  y_in )=2.27 at N part =2.5*10 10 Introduced the luminosity merit function: Lnorm=L/log(ey_out/ey_in) => Luminosity per energy cost Luminosity vs bunch charge for a given set of IP parameters Outgoing/incoming emittances ratio vs bunch charge for a given set of IP parameters

20. Ey_after collision increases fast with current and 1/  x: with Npart=2*10^10 Lnorm=2.27 Cure 1: decrease  y from 1mm to 250um =>  y_in =4*10 -13  y_out =23.4*10 -13  y_out /  y_in =6 instead of 24 Ld drops from 7.22*10 32 to 5.6*10 32 (hourglass) Lnorm=3.12 Cure 2: travelling focus (waist position is shifted by z wrt the IP for the slice ‘z-z+dz’=> Ld goes back up to 7.01*10 32 Lnorm=3.91 Cure 3: further decrease  y from 250um to 100um and use the pinch to keep the beams from diverging rather than to disrupt them with overfocusing=> BB FOCUS COMPENSATION CONCEPT !!!!!!!!!  y_in =10*10 -13,  y_out (slice)=15.0*10 -13,  y_out /  y_in =1.5 instead of the initial 24 Ld drops to 5.77*10 32 Lnorm=14.1 !!

21. With travel focus Without travel focus Horizontal collisions in a round beam case

22. 3 planes slice emittances after the collision (round case), each color is a different slice (red head of the bunch, black tail) Without Travel Focus  y_out/  y_in =3 With Travel Focus  y_out/  y_in =1.1

23. BB focusing compensation works almost linearly increasing the beam charge and vertical size by the same amount (flat case):  x =10um  y =10nm  z =250um  x =10mm  y =0.1mm  x =10*10 -9  y =10*10 -13 Npart=2.5*10 10 Ld=5.77*10 32  y_out /  y_in =1.5  x =10um  y =20nm  z =250um  x =10mm  y =0.1mm  x =10*10 -9  y =40*10 -13 Npart=5.0*10 10 Ld=11.5*10 32  y_out /  y_in =1.5

24. BB focusing compensation is a function only of the product  x*  y and not the aspect ratio, this can be chosen to optimize the emittance ratio Needs  z as small as possible and  x large to reduce energy spread from beamsstralung Horizontal size does not change during the collision, could be dominated by dispersion to make the ‘luminosity energy spread’ very small (monochromator)  x =5.4um  y =36nm  z =200um  x =10mm  y =0.08mm  x =3*10 -9  y =17*10 -12 0.6% coupling Npart=6.0*10 10 Ld=1.75*10 33  e_beamsstralung =2MeV  y_out /  y_in =1.5 600Hz*10000bunches => I + =4amps in the Damping Ring L=10 36

25. Round beams compressed, with collisions every 50 turns, BB-compensation on Flat beams compressed with collisions every 50 turns, BB-compensation on (1) Flat beams compressed colliding in the rings, BB-compensation on (2) Flat beams uncompressed colliding in the rings, Crab-Focusing on (3) Analized Configurations, in the “Small Disruption Regime”

26. RoundFlat (1)Flat (2)Flat (3) Sigx*  m 0.930 (1 betatron) 2.67 Etax mm0.0+-1.5 0.0 Sigy nm90012.6 Betx mm0.552.5 17.8 Bety mm0.550.080 Sigz_IP mm0.80.100 4.0 Sige_IP1.0e-32.0e-2 1.0e-3 Sige_Lum0.7e-31.0e-3 0.7e-3 Emix nm1.50.4 Emiy nm1.50.002 Emiz  m 0.82.0 4.0 Cross_angle mradOptional 2*25 Sigz_DR mm0.84.0 Sige_DR1.0e-30.5e-3 1.0e-3 Np 10e107.0 1.02.0 Nbunches10000 5000 DR_length km6.0 3.0 Damping_time msec10 Nturns_betwe_coll50 11 Collision freq MHz10.0 500 L singleturn 1e361.3 1.20.8 L multiturn 1e360.9 1.01.2

27. Round case in multi-turn regime with Np=7*10 10, N bunches =10000 (6Km ring) BB compensation with travel focus in both planes  z =0.8mm  e =5MeV  e /e=10 -3  z =0.8um Stored time between collision=1msec=50turns Lmultiturn=0.9*10 36 Lsingleturn=1.3*10 36 Unfortunately the longitudinal emittance required is smaller than what the ring can get, the monochromator does not work because the phases mix during the collision, so the energy correlation whases out E.Paoloni studies

28. Flat case in multi-turn regime with Np=7*10 10 N bunches =10000 (6Km ring) Travel focus in vertical plane only  x =1.5mm (opposite sign for the two beams),  x *=30  m  z =100  m  z =4mm in DR  e =100MeV  e /e=2*10 -2  e /e=5*10 -4 in DR  e_Luminosity =7MeV  x =0.4nm  x_norm =4  m  y =0.002nm  y_norm =20pm  z =2.0  m Stored time between collision=1msec=50turns Lmultiturn=1.0*10 36 (Lsingleturn=1.2*10 36 ) FF with large energy spread tricky

29. Multiturn Simulation for flat case 6Km ring,Np= 7*10 10,10000 bunches coll_freq=1Khz*10000 L multiturn =10 36

30. Compressor Decompressor DeCompressor IP Optional Acceleration and deceleration Optional Acceleration and deceleration FF ILC ring with ILC FF ILC compressor Colliding every 50 turn Acceleration optional Crossing angle optional Now the acceleration is not needed anymore in order to reduce the power Simplified layout in the Small Disruption Regime

31. In summary, the small disruption regime requires: small sigmaz (=> large sigmae from compressor) big sigmax small sigmay (for luminosity) and betay BB-compensation by traveling focus all the requirements do fit togheter with the monocromator it simultaneneously enlarge sigmax and decrease the luminosity energy spread moreover since the natural horizontal emittance is small, the emittance ratio of about 0.5% ensure the small sigmay

32. Equilibrium Emittance Vertical blowup about 60% Blowup as function of beam currents almost linear Blowup as function of damping time goes like Tau 1/3 Reducing the bunch charge by a factor 6 (10 10 ), equilibrium blowup decreases to 10% Reducing the damping by a factor 50 (collision every turn) equilibrium blowup increases by a factor 4 (50 1/3 ) Final Blowup in this case is about 40% Geometric Luminosity decreases by a factor 36 due to less charge and increases by a factor 50 for increased collision rate With the same parameters but colliding in the ring (bunch compressor and FF in the ring), we get: L=10 36 with Npart=10 10 and L=4*10 36 with N=2*10 10 Scaling the parametrs to an every-turn colliding machine

33. Flat case Collisions in Ring Compressed Bunches N bunches =5000 (3Km ring) BB compensation with travel focus in vertical plane  e =100MeV  e /e=2*10 -2  e_Luminosity =10MeV  x =0.4nm  x_norm =4  m  y =0.002nm  y_norm =20pm  z =2.0  m Stored time between collision=10  sec=0.001Tau=1turn L multiturn =1.0*10 36 (L singleturn =1.2*10 36 ) with N part =10 10 L multiturn =3.8*10 36 with N part =2*10 10 FF with large energy spread tricky Bunch compressor in the ring tricky

34. Multiturn simulations for Flat,Compressed beams Collisions in the Ring 3Km Ring,N part = 2*10 10,5000 bunches Coll_freq=100Khz*5000 L multiturn =3.8*10 36

35. Compressor Decompressor IP FF ILC ring with ILC FF ILC Compressor, 0.4GeV S-Band or 1GeV L-Band Crossing angle optional Simplified layout in the Small Disruption Regime Collisions every Turn

36. Do we need to compress the bunches? Sz Sx Sz Sx All cases have the same luminosity (2) has longer bunch, longitudinal sovrapposition happens in the same area as in (1) (3) has longer bunch and smaller  x At any given time (2) and (3) have the same overlapping region 1) Standard short bunches 2) Crab crossing with no crossing angle 3) Crossing angle Overlapping region Overlapping region Overlapping region

37. Colliding every turn very promising but requires a bunch compressors and a decompressor in the ring (about 400MeV S-band) In principle not needed to compress the beams if we collide with a crossing angle such as:  z *x cross =24  m (same projected horizontal size)  x /x cross =100  m (same effective longitudinal interaction region)  y =12.6nm,  y =80um like in the compressed case These parameters gives the same geometric luminosity like the compressed case: If  z =4mm we need: x_cross=6mrad,  x =0.6um However now beam-beam worsened because the beams see each other also at non-minimum betay locations Scaling the parameters for an every-turn colliding machine, with Uncompressed Bunches

38. With large crossing angle X and Z quanties are swapped Very important!!! Sz Sx  z x Sx/  Sz*  e- e+

39. Easy way to decrease the ‘Long Range Beam Beam’ is to increase the crossing angle by a factor 4 at a direct luminosity cost of a factor 4: x crossing_angle =2*24mrad  x =2.4  m This still gives a luminosity of 1.2*10 36 with N=2*10 10 if the vertical blowup were none Unfortunately the blowup is still large and the vertical equilibrium emittance is about 60 times larger, with the equilibrium luminosity around 1.2*10 35

40. Second way to decrease the ‘Long Range Beam Beam’ is to apply the travel focus idea, but now has to be applied in the transverse plane since x and z are swapped. Vertical waist position in z is a function of x: Zy_waist(x)=x/  Crabbed waist All components of the beam collide at a minimum  y => the ‘hour glass’ is reduced, the geometric luminosity is higher the bb effects are greatly reduced

41. Vertical waist has to be a function of x: Z=0 for particles at –  x (-  x /2 at low current) Z=  x /  for particles at +  x (  x /2 at low current) 2Sz 2Sx  z x 2Sx/  2Sz*  e- e+

42. Crabbed waist: - All components of the beam collide at a minimum betay - The ‘hour glass’ is reduced and the geometric luminosity is higher - The bb effect in the section were the beams do overlap is reduced - The bb effect in the sections were the beams do not overlap is greatly reduced From tracking, the blowup at the equilibrium goes down to just a factor 2!!!, with a luminosity of about 0.8*10 36

43. Crabbed y waist is easy achieved by placing a sextupole upstream the IP (and symmetrically downstream) in a place in phase with the IP in the horizontal plane and at  /2 in the vertical plane (much easier than the longitudinal travel focus). Very handy solution that requires just the ILC DR, and the ILC FF. No compression needed Only natural energy spread in the beams Angular divergences about 150  rad in both planes Crossing angle so large makes the IR (and the FF) design very easy Low energy spread makes the FF very easy Beam currents around 1.5Amps, possible better trade off current  damping time

44. Collisions with uncompressed beams Crossing angle = 2*25mrad Relative Emittance growth per collision about 1.5*10 -3 (Eafter_collision/Ebefore_collision=1.0015) Horizontal PlaneVertical Plane

45. Flat case, Collisions in the Ring, Uncompressed Bunches N bunches =5000, 3Km ring Crab focus on in vertical plane X_crossing_angle=2*25mrad  z =4mm  e =5MeV  e_Luminosity =7MeV  x =0.4nm  y =0.002nm  z =4.0  m Collision_frequency=500MHz L multiturn =0.8*10 36 (L singleturn =1.2*10 36 ) with Np=2*10 10 Vertical tune shift like in PEP!!! (similar currents,100 times more luminosity, 100 times smaller betay) Projected Sigmax=Sigmaz*Cross_angle=100um, like in PEP! L=1.6*10 36 with Np=4*10 10 Luminosity higher with further simultaneuos betax and betay squeeze

46. Multiturn simulations for uncompressed beams 3Km ring, 5000 bunches Coll_freq=100Khz*5000, L multiturn =0.8*10 36 Bunch_charge=2*10 10  e =4mm, X crossing =2*25mrad  y0 =2pm  x0 =400pm

47. IP FF ILC ring & ILC FF Simplified layout in the Small Disruption Regime Collisions every Turn Uncompressed bunches Crossing angle = 2*25 mrad Crabbed Y-Waist

48. Conclusions (1): Found 2 workable parameters sets First set requires: - ILC damping ring, - ILC bunch compressor, - ILC Final Focus - Energy acceleration by ILC SC-cavities is not a must anymore but for sure a factor 2 in energy gain gives us a factor 2 smaller energy spread (and a factor 2 down in beam cooling power in the ring) - Same parameters set but with increased collision rate and reduced beam current gives more and more luminosity, with an optimal at collision rates every turn. - Possible path is to build the machine with the capability to collide with beam-extraction every 50 turns, and then while at low bunch charge, we will have the option of increasing the bunch charge OR the collision rate up to every turn…

49. Conclusions (2): Second set requires: - ILC damping ring, - ILC Final Focus in the ring - Crossing angle of about 25mrad - No compressor - No energy acceleration

50. Solution with ILC DR + ILC FF seems extremely promising. -Requires virtually no R&D -Uses all the work done for ILC -Ring and FF layouts virtually done, 3km circunference rings -100% Synergy with ILC -IR extremely simplified -Beam stay clear about 20sigmas supposing 1cm radius beam pipe -Beam Currents around 1.5Amps -Background should be better than PEP and KEKB -Possibly to operate at the tau with L=10^35 -To be studied the possibility to run down to the phi -Total cost about half of the ILC e+ DRs (2 e+ 6km rings in ILC) -Power around 40MW, still to be further optimized (goal 25MW) -Possible to reuse PEP RF system, power supplies, Vacuum pumps, etc., further reducing the overall cost -Needs the standard injector system, probably a C-band 7GeV linac like in KEKB upgrade (already designed) (around 100ME) Conclusions (3)

51. Conclusions (4) Possible fall back on the existing factories The crabbed waist seems to be beneficial also for the current factories Potential to simultaneously boost the performances of the existing machines and do SuperB R&D

52. Action items (to be extended) - Freeze one or two parameter sets - Define a layout - Assign working groups for the different subsystems - Define the sinergy with ILC, R&D, lattice designs, etc… - Evaluate the possibility to reuse Pep hardware. - Make a cost and power consuption estimate and optimization - Make a time schedule - Define the international collaborations