1. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 22 The Reproductive Systems

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2 Sexual Reproduction Gametes—sex cells that fuse at fertilization to form a one-celled zygote. –Sperm—gamete from the male parent –Ovum—gamete from the female parent

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4. 4 Male Reproductive System Testes—gonads of men Testes in scrotum—lower temp Covered by tunica albuginea, which divides testis into lobules containing seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells produce testosterone

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7. 7 Male Reproductive System Testes –Functions Spermatogenesis is process of sperm production –Meiosis forms four spermatids with 23 chromosomes Head contains genetic material Acrosome contains enzymes to assist sperm in penetration of ovum Mitochondria provide energy for movement

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10. 10 Male Reproductive System Testes Production of testosterone by interstitial cells –Testosterone “masculinizes” and promotes development of male accessory organs –Stimulates protein anabolism and development of muscle strength

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11 Male Reproductive System Reproductive ducts—sperm pass after exiting testes until they leave the body –Epididymis—coiled tube about 6 m in length; lies along the top and behind the testis in the scrotum Sperm mature and develop the capacity for motility as they pass through the epididymis Epididymitis—painful inflammation

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12 Male Reproductive System Reproductive ducts –Ductus (vas) deferens—receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from scrotum out of body Passes through inguinal canal Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

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14. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14 Male Reproductive System Accessory sex glands –Semen (seminal fluid): mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex glands Averages 3 to 5 mL per ejaculation Each milliliter contains about 100 million sperm –Seminal vesicles Produce about 60% of seminal fluid volume Secretion is yellowish, thick, and rich in fructose to provide energy needed by sperm for motility

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15 Male Reproductive System –Prostate gland Shaped like a doughnut and located below bladder Urethra passes through the gland Milk-colored secretion ~30% of seminal fluid volume Activates sperm Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands Resemble peas in size and shape Secrete mucus-like fluid (5% of seminal fluid volume) that lubricates terminal portion of urethra

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16 Male Reproductive System External genitals –Penis and scrotum called genitalia –Penis has three columns of erectile tissue Two dorsal columns called corpora cavernosa One ventral column surrounding urethra called corpus spongiosum –Glans penis—distal end of penis Covered by foreskin (prepuce) Surgical removal of foreskin called circumcision

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18. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System May cause infertility Disorders of the testes –Oligospermia—low sperm production –Cryptorchidism—undescended testes –Testicular cancer—most common in young adult men ages 25 to 35

19. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Disorders of the prostate –Benign prostatic hypertrophy—enlargement of prostate common in older men –Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in men over age 50 –Brachytherapy—small radioactive “seeds” placed in prostate

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22. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22 Female Reproductive System Ovaries Paired glands weighing about 3 g each Resemble large almonds Attached to pelvic cavity on each side of uterus Microscopic structure –Ovarian follicles— immature oocyte, 1 million at birth –About 400,000 at puberty –About 350 to 500 mature follicles ovulate during the reproductive lifetime

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24. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24 Female Reproductive System Oogenesis—meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers (23) but unequal cytoplasm –Resulting ovum is large –Polar bodies are small and degenerate Production of estrogen and progesterone –Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the mature and growing follicles produce estrogen –Corpus luteum produces progesterone

25. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25 Female Reproductive System Production of estrogen and progesterone –Estrogen causes development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics –Progesterone stimulates secretory activity of uterine epithelium and assists estrogen in initiating menses

26. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26 Female Reproductive System Reproductive ducts –Uterine (fallopian) tubes (or oviducts) Extend 10 cm from uterus into abdominal cavity Expanded distal end surrounded by fimbriae

27. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27 Female Reproductive System –Uterus Surgical removal called hysterectomy –Removal may be abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic –Total hysterectomy—removal of body and cervix of uterus –Subtotal hysterectomy—removal of body of uterus only (cervix remains)

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29. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Uterine Wall Three layers 1.Perimetrium: serous layer (visceral peritoneum) 2.Myometrium: interlacing layers of smooth muscle 3.Endometrium: mucosal lining

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31. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, bowel or the tissue lining your pelvis. Rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond your pelvic region. http://vimeo.com/endometriosis/en 31

32. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32 Female Reproductive System –Vagina Distensible tube about 10 cm long Located between urinary bladder and rectum in the pelvis Receives penis during intercourse and is birth canal for delivery of baby

33. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 33 Female Reproductive System –Breasts Size determined by fat quantity more than amount of glandular (milk-secreting) tissue Lactiferous ducts drain at nipple, which is surrounded by pigmented areola Lymphatic drainage leads to spread of cancer cells to other body areas

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35. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35 Female Reproductive System

36. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36 Female Reproductive System –Phases Menses—about the first 4 or 5 days of the cycle; varies somewhat –Characterized by sloughing of bits of endometrium (uterine lining) with bleeding –First day of flow is day 1 of menstrual cycle Proliferative phase—days between the end of menses and secretory phase; varies in length –The shorter the cycle, the shorter the proliferative phase; longer the cycle, longer the proliferative phase –Characterized by repair of endometrium

37. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 37 Female Reproductive System Secretory phase—days between ovulation and beginning of next menses –Characterized by further thickening of endometrium and secretion by its glands in preparation for implantation of fertilized ovum –Combined actions of the anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause ovulation –Sudden sharp decrease in estrogens and progesterone bring on menstruation if pregnancy does not occur

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41. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 41 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Tumors and related conditions –Myoma, or fibroids—benign tumors of the uterus –Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)— enlarged ovaries with many fluid-filled cysts Affects 10% of reproductive-age women Most common cause of female infertility

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43. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. PCOS: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 43

44. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 44 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System –Ovarian cysts—fluid-filled enlargements; usually benign Follicular cysts—most common Luteal cysts—most symptomatic Most resolve in 60 days –Endometriosis—presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus

45. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 45 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System –Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women –Ovarian cancer can result from metastasis of breast cancer or can arise independently –Cervical cancer is often detected by a Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) –Infertility can result from factors such as infection and inflammation, tumors, and hormonal imbalances

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47. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 47 Summary of Male and Female Reproductive Systems Organs of reproductive system adapted for specific sequence of functions that permit development of sperm or ova followed by successful fertilization and normal development and birth of offspring Male organs produce, store, and ultimately introduce mature sperm into female reproductive tract

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49. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) –Secreted by trophoblast cells, later chorion –Prompts CL to continue secretion of progesterone and estrogen –hCG rise until end of second month, then decline as placenta secrete progesterone and estrogen

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51. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Figure 28.17 Estrogen from placenta Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus Oxytocin from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary Stimulates uterus to contract Stimulates placenta to make Stimulate more vigorous contractions of uterus Prostaglandins (+)

52. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 52 Summary of Male and Female Reproductive Systems Female system produces ova, receives the sperm, and permits fertilization followed by fetal development and birth, with lactation afterward Production of sex hormones is required for development of secondary sex characteristics and for normal reproductive functions in both sexes