1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 16 The Reproductive System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System  Functions  To produce and maintain sex cells (ova)  Transport ova to site of fertilization  Provide a favorable environment for developing offspring  Deliver offspring  Produce female sex hormones

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System  Ovaries (Primary Sex Organ)  Duct System  Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)  Uterus  Vagina  External genitalia

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System Figure 16.8a

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries  Solid ovoid structure  Inner medulla - loose connective tissues and vessels  Outer cortex - bumpy due to ovarian follicles around the outside

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries  Each follicle consists of  Oocyte (immature egg)  Follicular cells—surround the oocyte

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries Figure 16.7

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovarian Follicle Stages  Primary follicle—formed before birth  At birth - 1 million  Puberty - 400,000  Reproductive Age (ends at menopause) - 400 to 500 released

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle  Oogonia—female stem cells found in a developing fetus  Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes  Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary  Oogonia no longer exist by the time of birth

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis  Meiosis I - Primary oocyte becomes secondary ooctye and 1 polar body  If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte will undergo Meiosis II forming a zygote (fertilized egg) and a 2nd polar body  Polar body function - to allow for the accumulation of cytoplasm in the zygote

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Follicle maturation  Pituitary Gland - Increases FSH at puberty, ovaries enlarge  Primordial follicles mature into primary follicles  Follicles are protected by layers of cells  20 may mature at one time, the largest one wins and the others degenerate

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovulation  The release of the secondary oocyte and polar body from the ovary  Hormones trigger the follicle to swell and rupture the wall  Fluid and oocyte ooze out of the ovary  Occurs once about every 28 days  The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum  Oocyte must be fertilized within 24 hours or it degenerates

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovulation Figure 16.11

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male and Female Differences  Meiosis  Males—produces four functional sperm  Females—produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies  Sex cell size and structure  Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid  Egg is large, non-motile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10 Meiotic EventsFollicle Development in Ovary Before birth Childhood Primary oocyte Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Primary follicle Oocyte Ovulated secondary oocyte Growing follicle Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Oogonium (stem cell) Each month from puberty to menopause Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month) First polar body Mitosis Growth Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur) Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate) Ovum Second polar body Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) Sperm Ovulation Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) Follicle cells (ovary inactive) 2n n nnnn

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 1 Meiotic EventsFollicle Development in Ovary Before birth Primary oocyte Primary follicle Oocyte Oogonium (stem cell) Mitosis Follicle cells 2n

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 2 Meiotic EventsFollicle Development in Ovary Before birth Primary oocyte Primary follicle Oocyte Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Oogonium (stem cell) Mitosis Growth Follicle cells 2n

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 3 Meiotic EventsFollicle Development in Ovary Before birth Childhood Primary oocyte Primary follicle Oocyte Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Oogonium (stem cell) Mitosis Growth Follicle cells (ovary inactive) 2n

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 4 Meiotic EventsFollicle Development in Ovary Before birth Childhood Primary oocyte Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Primary follicle Oocyte Growing follicle Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Oogonium (stem cell) Each month from puberty to menopause Mitosis Growth Follicle cells (ovary inactive) 2n

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 5 Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Primary follicle Growing follicle Each month from puberty to menopause 2n

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 6 Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Primary follicle Ovulated secondary oocyte Growing follicle Each month from puberty to menopause Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month) First polar body Ovulation Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) 2n n

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 7 Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Primary follicle Ovulated secondary oocyte Growing follicle Each month from puberty to menopause Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month) First polar body Sperm Ovulation Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) 2n n

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 8 Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Primary follicle Ovulated secondary oocyte Growing follicle Each month from puberty to menopause Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month) First polar body Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur) Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate) Ovum Second polar body Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) Sperm Ovulation Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) 2n n nnnn

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oogenesis Figure 16.10, step 9 Meiotic EventsFollicle Development in Ovary Before birth Childhood Primary oocyte Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Primary follicle Oocyte Ovulated secondary oocyte Growing follicle Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Oogonium (stem cell) Each month from puberty to menopause Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month) First polar body Mitosis Growth Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur) Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate) Ovum Second polar body Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) Sperm Ovulation Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) Follicle cells (ovary inactive) 2n n nnnn

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. Female Reproductive System Figure 16.8b

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Duct System  Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)  Uterus  Vagina

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes  10 cm long  Receive the ovulated oocyte  Provide a site for fertilization  Attach to the uterus  Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes  Infundibulum - end of the tube near ovary  Fimbrae - fingerlike extensions

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterine Tube Anatomy and Physiology  Cilia  Located inside the uterine tube  Rhythmic motions move the oocyte towards the uterus, and peristalsis (takes 3–4 days)  Mucus secretion  Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube since oocyte lives about 24 hours  Ectopic Pregnancy - zygote attaches to the tube and continues to develop

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System Figure 16.8b

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterus  Hollow organ, inverted pear  Functions of the uterus  Receives, retains and nourishes a fertilized egg  Size of a fist

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System Figure 16.8b

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Uterus  Body—main portion  Fundus—superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters  Cervix—narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina  Cervical orifice leads to the vagina

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Walls of the Uterus  Endometrium  Inner layer  Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg  Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)  Myometrium—middle layer of smooth muscle  Perimetrium—outermost serous layer of the uterus Endometriosis - abnormal endometrium, egg cannot implant

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System Figure 16.8b

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vagina  9 cm long  Extends from cervix to exterior of body  Located between bladder and rectum  Serves as the birth canal  Receives the penis during sexual intercourse  Hymen—partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured  Has a central opening to allow fluid exchange

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vagina  Mucosal layer - inner layer  Muscular layer - middle  Fibrous layer - outside  “H” shaped, can expand to a 10 cm diameter during child birth  C-section is performed if the baby is stuck

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System Figure 16.8b

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. External Genitalia (Vulva)  Mons pubis  Labia  Clitoris  Urethral orifice  Vaginal orifice  Greater vestibular glands

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.9 External Genitalia (Vulva)

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Labia Majora  Equivalent to the male scrotum  Fatty tissue, rounded folds  Mons pubis at the top

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Labia Figure 16.9

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Labia Minora  Connective tissue  Inner folds  Merges with the majora at the bottom  Forms the clitoral hood (prepuce) at the top

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clitoris  Small projection at the top of the vulva  2 cm long, partially embedded  Corresponds to the male penis  Contains two columns of corpus cavernosa that can swell with blood  Contains a glans of erectile tissue

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clitoris Figure 16.9

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vestibule and Vestibular Glands  Enclosed by labia majora  Contains vestibular glands  Similar to the Cowper’s gland in males  Secretes lubricant during intercourse

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vestibule and Orifice of Vestibular Gland Figure 16.9

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erection, Lubrication, Orgasm  The clitoris contains erectile tissue  The sacral region sends signals to the clitoris to swell  Nitric oxide is the vasodilator (same as men)  During sexual stimulation, the vagina lengthens  The female self-librates with the vestibular glands  These are located in the vestibule

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orgasm  The culmination of sexual stimulation  The clitoris contains 8,000 nerve fibers while the penis only contains 4,000  Orgasm stimulates  Muscles of the perineum  Walls of the uterus  Walls of the fallopian tubes  Theses areas contract rhythmically to help sperm move up the tract after orgasm