1. Four types of tissue Epithelial Tissue covers surfaces lines vessels, organs, ducts forms glands Connective Tissue material between cells supports and binds stores energy provides immunity to disease Muscle Tissue produces movement Nerve Tissue conducts electrical signals detects changes responds

2. Characteistics of Epithelium: Cellularity (little matrix) Specialized junctions (e.g., Tight, Desmosomes) Apical surface Avascular (Basement membrane - Basal lamina & reticular lamina) Thoroughly innervated Highly regenerative

3. Tight junctions Adherens junctions Gap junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes

6. Cell types: squamous - flat, central nucleus cuboidal - cube shape, central nucleus, microvilli columnar - column, inferior nucleus, ciliated, microvilli, goblet transitional - combination Epithelial tissue types: simple - 1 layer stratified - 2 or more psuedostratified - 1 but appears to be 2

7. Simple squamous: simplest, most delicate Alveoli, blood vessels (endothelium), glomeruli Diffusion, filtration Simple cuboidal: microvilli Kidney tubules, small glands, ovarian surface Secretion, absorption

8. Non-ciliated simple columnar; microvilli, goblet GI tract Absorption, secretion,

9. Ciliated simple columnar: goblet Small bronchi (airways), uterine tubes Secretion, propulsion

10. Stratified squamous: many layers keratinized or non-keratinized, basal cells cuboidal and mitotic Non-K version forms moist linings - esophagus, mouth, vagina K version forms dry membrane - epidermis Protection

11. Stratified Cuboidal: usually 2 layers Ducts of large glands, mammary and salivary glands Protection Stratified Columnar Epithelium: Basal layer cuboidal, Goblet, ciliated Stomach/esophageal jct. Protection

12. Transitional Epithelium: resembles stratified squamous and cuboidal Basal cells cuboidal or columnar Ureters, bladder, urethra Distension according to fluid volume Pseudostratified Columnar: 1 layer some cells not reaching apical surface Goblet, ciliated and non-ciliated Non-C in ducts of large glands, male urethra C lines trachea and upper airways Secretion, propulsion

13. Exocrine glands

14. Connective tissue

15. Connective tissue fibers: Collagen Reticular Elastic Connective tissue cells: Fibroblasts - Fibrocytes Chondroblasts - Chondrocytes Osteoblasts - Osteocytes* Macrophage Plasma: secrete antibody proteins Mast: secrete histamine [vasodilator], heparin [anticoagulant] Adipocytes

16. Embryonic Connective Tissue: (Mesenchyme) Mesenchymal cell Gives rise to all other CT

17. LOOSE CT Loosely woven fibers, cellularity, vascular, 3 types 1. Areolar CT: fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells All 3 fibers types Widely distributed beneath epithelia Wraps, cushions organs, phagocytic

18. 2. Adipose: adipocyte Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection

19. 3. Reticular: reticular cells (fibroblast) Internal skeleton of organs, lymph vessels

20. DENSE CT: More fibers, fewer cells, poorly vascularized, 3 types 1. Dense regular Parallel rows of collagen fibers, many fibroblasts Forms tendons, ligaments Unidirectional stretch

21. 2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Irregular arrangement of collagen fibers Joint capsules Multi-directional stress

22. 3. Elastic: elastin fibers and fibroblasts vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae, walls of aorta durability with stretch

23. CARTILAGE : Network of fibers in firm matrix, nearly avascular, 3 types 1. Hyaline(articular) Firm but rubbery matrix Chondrocytes Avascular Embryonic skeleton Ends of long bones Resists wear and tear, compressive forces

24. 2. Fibrocartilage chondrocytes collagen fibers intervertebral discs menisci

25. 3. Elastic: elastic fibers shape and durability ear, nose, vocal cartilages

26. Four types of tissue Epithelial Tissue covers surfaces lines vessels, organs, ducts forms glands Connective Tissue material between cells supports and binds stores energy provides immunity to disease Muscle Tissue produces movement Nerve Tissue conducts electrical signals detects changes responds Characteistics of Epithelium: Cellularity (little matrix) Specialized junctions (3 categories) 1. Tight 2. Plaque bearing Adherens Cell-to-cell Cell-to-extracellular Desmosome Hemidesmosome 3. Gap Apical surface Avascular (Basement membrane - Basal lamina & reticular lamina) Thoroughly innervated Highly regenerative

27. Connective tissue fibers: Collagen Reticular Elastic Connective tissue cells: Fibroblasts - Fibrocytes Chondroblasts - Chondrocytes Osteoblasts - Osteocytes* Macrophage Plasma: secrete antibody proteins Mast: secrete histamine [vasodilator], heparin [anticoagulant] Adipocytes Cell types: squamous - flat, central nucleus cuboidal - cube shape, central nucleus, microvilli columnar - column, inferior nucleus, ciliated, microvilli, goblet transitional - combination Epithelial tissue types: simple - 1 layer stratified - 2 or more psuedostratified - 1 but appears to be 2