1. Objectives To identify adverb clauses and subordinating conjunctions 
To use and punctuate adverb clauses appropriately
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Lesson 4-1

2. Adverb Clauses Sometimes a subordinate clause is an adverb clause. 
It may add information about the verb in the sentence. 
An adverb clause tells how, when, where, why, or under what conditions the action occurs.
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Lesson 4-2

3. Adverb Clauses (cont.)
Before Julia bought a bicycle, she compared models. 
She likes ten-speed bikes because they are versatile. 
In the first sentence, the adverb clause Before Julia bought a bicycle modifies the verb compared. 
The adverb clause tells when Julia compared bicycles.
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Lesson 4-3

4. Adverb Clauses (cont.)
Before Julia bought a bicycle, she compared models.
She likes ten-speed bikes because they are versatile.
In the second sentence, the adverb clause because they are versatile modifies the verb likes. 
The adverb clause tells why she likes ten-speed bikes.
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Lesson 4-4

5. Adverb Clauses (cont.)
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies, or describes, the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence. 
An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. 
Subordinating conjunctions signal that a clause is a subordinate clause and cannot stand alone.
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Lesson 4-5

6. Adverb Clauses (cont.)
Some common subordinating conjunctions are listed below.
Lesson 4-6

7. Adverb Clauses (cont.)
You often do not use a comma before an adverb clause that comes at the end of a sentence. 
When an adverb clause introduces a sentence, however, you always use a comma after the adverb clause.
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Lesson 4-7

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Exercise 6
Identifying Adverb Clauses
Underline each adverb clause. Circle the verb that each adverb clause modifies.
1. Before automobiles were available, some people rode bicycles.
2. Travelers covered miles easily when they used this simple vehicle.
3. When people wanted company and exercise, they rode tandem bicycles.
4. Two people could enjoy this type of bicycle, since they could ride it together.
5. No self-propelled bicycles existed until the first one was built in 1839 by the Scottish inventor Kirkpatrick Macmillan.
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Lesson 4-8

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Exercise 7
Identifying Adverb Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions
Underline each adverb clause. Circle the subordinating conjunction.
1. Although it may have been less convenient than driving, bicycle riding was more economical.
2. Some bicyclists are inconsiderate and dangerous because they disregard rules.
3. Unless cyclists are careful, they can cause injury to themselves and to others.
4. If a cyclist rides in the street, the bicycle is considered a motor vehicle.
5. Whenever they ride their bicycles on the road, cyclists must follow most motor vehicle rules.
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Lesson 4-9

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Review: Exercise 6
Identifying Adverb Clauses
Underline each adverb clause. Circle each subordinating conjunction. Underline twice the verb or verb phrase that each adverb clause modifies.
1. People eat seafood because it is a good source of protein.
2. Since oysters provide nourishment, they have become a popular seafood.
3. Oysters are often found where the water is quiet, calm, and shallow.
4. When they are twenty-four hours old, oysters develop shells.
5. After being allowed to grow for three to five years, oysters are harvested.
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Grammar Review 8

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Review: Exercise 7
Distinguishing Between Adjective and Adverb Clauses
Underline each subordinate clause once and the word that the clause modifies twice. Then identify the clause’s function as that of an adjective or an adverb.
1. Early canoes were made from tree trunks, which dwellers in the Caribbean islands hollowed out.
2. The North American peoples also used canoes, which they made from birchbark and wooden frames.
3. Birchbark canoes provided excellent transportation because they were light and relatively fast.
adjective
adjective
adverb
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Grammar Review 9

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Review: Exercise 7
Distinguishing Between Adjective and Adverb Clauses (cont.)
Underline each subordinate clause once and the word that the clause modifies twice. Then identify the clause’s function as that of an adjective or an adverb.
4. When they explored parts of North America, Marquette and Joliet traveled in birchbark canoes.
5. Today’s canoes, which are used for recreation, are made from aluminum, canvas, fiberglass, or wood.
adverb
adjective
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Grammar Review 10

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End of Lesson 4

14. John Steinbeck, who wrote The Pearl, has written many novels.
Review: Exercise 9
Writing Complex Sentences
Combine each pair of sentences below, using the correct relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction in parentheses. You may have to delete some words.
1. John Steinbeck wrote The Pearl. He has written many novels. (who, which)
2. Steinbeck was born and reared in northern California. Many of his stories take place in northern California. (whatever, where)
John Steinbeck, who wrote The Pearl, has written many novels.
Steinbeck was born and raised in northern California where many of his stories take place.
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Grammar Review 12

15. Review: Exercise 9
Writing Complex Sentences (cont.)
Combine each pair of sentences below, using the correct relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction in parentheses. You may have to delete some words.
3. This area had fish canneries and farms. Steinbeck’s stories are often about fish canneries and farming. (because, until)
4. Steinbeck worked at a series of temporary jobs. He attended Stanford University. (while, as if)
Because this area had fish canneries and farms, Steibeck’s stories are often about fish canning and farming.
Steinbeck worked at a series of temporary jobs while he attended Stanford University.
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Grammar Review 13

16. Review: Exercise 9
Writing Complex Sentences (cont.)
Combine each pair of sentences below, using the correct relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction in parentheses. You may have to delete some words.
5. The characters in Steinbeck’s novels were based on people. He knew and respected these people. (whom, which)
The characters in Steinbeck’s novels were based on people whom he knew and respected.
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Grammar Review 14