1. Controlling Emissions from In- Use and New 2 and 3- Wheelers in Asia Narayan Iyer, Adviser (Technical), Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India Workshop on Developing Fuel Quality Road Maps in Asia 22 and 23 May, 2006 Asian Development Bank, Manila

2. Presentation Contents Problem definition Emission standards & technology choices –New vehicles * Notified until now * Future expectations –In-use vehicles –Two-stroke v/s Four-stroke Smoke & PM Emissions Fuels & lubricants Fuel conversion programmes

3. Composition of Vehicle Fleets in Asian Countries Vehicle fleets in most of Asian countries comprise 2-3 wheelers, a majority powered by 2-stroke engines India

4. Typical Vehicular Contribution of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas (example Pune city ) Two and three-wheelers account for a significant proportion of vehicular air pollution, particularly HC and PM

5. Road to Reduced Pollution from Transport Vehicles New Vehicle Emission Standards In-Use Vehicle Emission Standards Effective Traffic Management Fuel Quality Fuel Conversion Programmes Reduced Pollution From Transport

6. Emission Standards for New and In-Use Vehicles Emission standards for new vehicles, evolved in a transparent manner involving all stakeholders, help to reduce the pollution contribution of future vehicles through the introduction of new technologies –Requires that concomitant improvements in fuel specifications are introduced to allow adoption of new emission reduction technologies Emission standards for in-use vehicles help to ensure that vehicles are properly maintained so that the deterioration in emission performance with usage is minimized –Requires implementation of a sound Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) programme

7. Emission Standards for 2&3-Wheelers of Some Asian Countries

8. Progression of Indian Emission Standards for 2 & 3-Wheelers All limit values for mass emissions in g/km under Indian Driving Cycle

9. (Source: Jet P.H. Shu, ITRI) Progression of Taipei,China Emission Standards for 2 & 3-Wheelers (Source: Jet P.H. Shu, ITRI) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19881991199820002003 CO8.8 CO4.5 CO3.5 HC+NOx5.5 HC+NOx 3.0 HC+NOx2.0 CO7.0 HC+NOx CO2.54 2% mandates Electric Scooter g/km Exhaust Emission 2.0 (4-S) 1.0 (2-S) * Note: Cold start test is introduced in 2003. The CO emission standard is normalized to warm start data for comparison purpose. * All limit values for mass emissions in g/km under ECE R40 Driving Cycle

10. All limit values for mass emissions in g/km

11. Comparison of Emission Standards of Different Countries

12. Known, Potential and Emerging Technologies for 2&3–Wheelers

13. Changes in Technology Choice Resulting from Consumer Preferences & Emission Standards The proportions of 2-stroke and 4-stroke have been calculated based on a study of the sales figures of various companies obtained from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and from the knowledge of the models produced by manufacturers

14. Progressive Reduction* in Emissions with Introduction of Emission Standards (1991 to 2005) *There is an increase in NOx emissions in case of 2-stroke engines

15. Expected Progression of Emission Regulations & Technology & Fuel Options Beyond 2010 EMISSION REGULATIONS. –Efforts to further reduce emission of pollutants like PM, NO x and HC will continue, –A greater emphasis is likely to be placed on the need to reduce fuel consumption and emission of ‘Greenhouse Gases (GHG)’ TECHNOLOGY & FUEL OPTIONS 1.‘Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)’ or ‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)’. 2.Battery operated electric vehicles 3.Hybrid electric vehicles 4.Hydrogen powered vehicles (as ICE) rather than fuel cell)

16. Expected Time-Line for Evolution of Engine Technologies for 2-Wheelers

17. Estimated Reduction in Emissions of 2 - Wheelers Resulting from Improved ICE Technologies (1991 to 2015)

18. In-use Emission Standards for 2 & 3- Wheelers of Some Asian Countries

19. In-use Emission Standards for 2 & 3 Wheelers In India, Taipei,China & Thailand * Applicable from 1st October 2004 for vehicles registered after April - 2000

20. Impact of Minor Maintenance on Mass Emissions – Results of SIAM Clinics RESULTS OF MONITORING A SMALLER NUMBER OF VEHICLES FAILING INSPECTION FOR MASS EMISSIONS BEFORE & AFTER REPAIRS

21. Control of PM Emissions of 2-Stroke Engines (Source: JAMA) PM emissions have been considerably reduced by * Use of reduced dosage of lubricating oil, (by mandating supply of oil pre-mixed with petrol in many areas) * Use of ‘low smoke’ lubricating oil (by a nationwide mandate) * Use of oxidation catalytic converter (required to meet gaseous emissions standards)

22. Fuels and Lubricants Fuel: Lead free petrol a must for using catalytic converters Low sulphur content necessary to improve durability of catalytic converters Low benzene content to reduce exhaust toxicity Oxygenates blended in fuel to reduce CO emissions Lubricating oil: ‘Low smoke’ (JASO FC) oils to reduce smoke and PM emissions Supply of 2-T oil pre-mixed with petrol at filling stations to control excessive oil consumption

23. Fuel Conversion Programmes Important alternate fuel options are CNG, LPG, Hydrogen and electricity Two-wheelers currently do not seem to be attractive candidates for alternate fuels Three-wheelers successfully converted to CNG (India) and LPG (India and Thailand). Coordinated effort between government and the energy sector required to evolve a comprehensive alternate fuel programme that encompasses –Life cycle analysis (well-to-wheel) –provision of fuelling infrastructure –quality and approval systems for safety of the modified vehicles

24. Comparative Emission Performance of Typical Alternate Fuel Vehicles (based on data from Bajaj Auto) NMHC: Non-Methane Hydrocarbons RHC: Reactive Hydrocarbons

25. SUMMARY OF TYPICAL STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MAJOR ASIAN COUNTRIES TO REDUCE TWO & THREE-WHEELER POLLUTION ENFORCEMENT OF PROGRESSIVELY STRINGENT EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NEW VEHICLES ENFORCEMENT OF EMISSION STANDARDS FOR IN-USE VEHICLES STRENGTHENING EMISSION INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE INTRODUCTION OF IMPROVED 2- STROKE LUBRICATING (2-T) OILS MANDATING/PROMOTING USE OF ‘LOW SMOKE’ 2-STROKE LUBRICATING OILS MANDATORY DISPENSING OF 2-T OIL PRE-MIXED WITH PETROL PROMOTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS (CNG/LPG) FOR THREE WHEELERS COMPLETE PHASE OUT OF LEADED PETROL TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA, THAILAND MANY COUNTRIES TAIPEI,CHINA JAPAN, THAILAND, TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA INDIA, THAILAND INDIA INDIA, THAILAND MANY COUNTRIES

26. Conclusions 1/2 Introduction of progressively stringent mass emission standards for 2&3 - wheelers and customer demands for high fuel economy have made manufacturers adopt new technologies and achieve significant reductions in emissions and fuel consumption. More stringent emission standards forthcoming in 2008-2010 time frame may lead to large scale adoption of technologies such as injection of fuel.

27. Conclusions 2/2 Technology and fuel choices in the years beyond 2010 would likely depend upon 2 & 3 wheelers requiring to meet statutory or voluntary standards for fuel consumption and Greenhouse Gas emissions. This may lead to a widespread use of fuels like CNG and LPG and adoption of technologies such as battery electric and hybrid power trains, and, in a longer term, hydrogen as a fuel.