1. Lecture 10: Historical Developments 1303-1648
March 29, 2011
Ann T. Orlando
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

2. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Introduction
Historical Review
The Troubled 14th C
Famine and Plague
Avignon Papacy and Great Western Schism
Hundred Year’s War
More Troubled 15th C
Conciliar Movements
Development of Nations
Fall of Byzantium
Reformation in 16th C
Germany: Luther
Switzerland: Zwingli and Calvin
Spain, Netherlands, Germany: Hapsburg Empire
Peace of Augsburg
Thirty Year’s War: Treaty of Westphalia
Beyond Europe: Voyages of Discovery
Readings
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

3. Review: Middle Ages (Key changes in Reformation)
1. European Developments
Normans (Merged with France or England in this period)
England (Consolidates holdings in Scotland, Ireland)
France (King becomes more powerful than Dukes)
Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Spain, Netherlands)
2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’ (Which King, Which Pope??)
3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades) (Western Europe barely able to defend itself from Ottoman Turks)
4. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other (Eastern Christian Roman Empire ceases to exist)
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

4. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th C: Famine and Plague
12th and 13th C were period of population growth; agriculture could not keep pace
Severe Famine in early 14th C
Part of population increase led to significant move to cities
Poor sanitation
Concentration of fleas and rats
Increased trade led to less desirable imports
Plague started in Asia; Spread to Europe in 1347
Approximately 1/3 of Asians, Indians, Europeans died in 14th C
Young more susceptible than old
Effected every country in Europe between ; sporadic outbursts throughout 14th C
Search for a cause: “the Jews poisoned the wells”
The Pope tries (unsuccessfully) to protect Jews from persecution
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

5. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th C: Papal Status as of 1303
Pope Boniface VIII
Unam Sanctam
Philip IV ignores Encyclical;
Captures Boniface and humiliates him
Boniface dies 1303
Boniface’s successor
Tension between Roman families and French over who should be Pope; political/economic driver is control over Papal States (from Pepin the Short in 750)
Clement V was elected through French influence and lived in France, beginning of Avignon Papacy
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

6. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th C: Avignon Papacy
During this period ( ), Papacy dependent on France
Some of Popes in this period were guilty of nepotism as well as simony
Catherine of Sienna ( )
Mystic who was very popular; educated by Dominicans
Able to end warring family factions in Italy
Pressured Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome, which he did in 1377
Declared a doctor of Church in 1970
Bridget of Sweden ( )
Mother of Queen Catherine of Sweden
After becoming a widow, moved to Rome, founded an order (Brigitines) devoted to poor of Rome and politics of returning Pope to Rome
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

7. 14th C: Great Western Schism
Urban VI succeeded Gregory XI
Managed to alienate both French and Romans
Cardinals who had elected Urban abandoned him and elected a new pope, Clement VII who moves back to Avignon
Everyone in Western Europe chooses sides
France, Scotland back Clement
England and HRE (Germany and Spain) back Urban
Italian city states changed sides frequently
Rival Popes needed funds
Simony
Sale of indulgences
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

8. 15th C: Conciliar Movement
In 1394 theologians at University of Paris suggest a council to elect Pope
Council gathers at Pisa in 1409, and both Popes are asked to resign
Takes steps against simony
Elects Alexander V
Now there are three Popes: Rome, Avignon, Pisa
Another Council at Constance in
Haec Sancta: Council of Bishops pre-eminent over Pope
Elect Martin V, end of Great Schism
Council of Ferrara-Florence
Constantinople under threat from Ottoman Turks seeks help
Formula for reunion of East and West
Leads to enhanced stature of Pope Eugene IV in Rome
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

9. Popes of 15th and 16th Centuries
Pius II ( ) issues Execrabilis, that no council is over the Pope, repudiates Council of Constance
Alexander VI ( ), most notorious Borgia Pope
Julius II ( ), leads armies in battle to solidify Papal States, decides to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica;
Old St Peter’s built by Constantine in very bad condition
What had been largest church in Christendom now a mosque
Donation of Constantine accepted as a forgery
Leo X ( ), “Now that God has given us the Papacy, let us enjoy it.”
Popular joke is ROMA = Radix Omnia Malorum Avaritia (Avarice the Root of All Evil)
Note, however, that these same Popes were also patrons for some of the most important artists of Renaissance and Baroque
These same Popes were champions of learning and encouraged establishment of major libraries, including Vatican library
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

10. 14th – 16th C Political Situation: France
Philip IV (Fair)
Enemy of Boniface VIII
Strengthen French throne
Hundred’s Year War Between England and France
Continuation of dispute over who is proper successor to French throne
Joan of Arc,
Rallied French behind Charles VII; crowned in Rheims
Captured and burned as a heretic by English Inquisition
Francois I
At war with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V over southern France and eastern France
French-German wars lasted until 20th C
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

11. 14th – 16th C Political Situation: England
Edward I
Annexed Wales and Scotland
Edward III
Starts 100 Years War with France
Henry V, Battle of Agincourt 1415
War of Roses (civil war)
Henry VII and House of Tudor finally successful
Henry VIII
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

12. 14th – 16th C Political Situation: Holy Roman Empire
14th C period of weakened HRE (German monarchy), elected by duchies (Bohemia, Saxony, Luxemburg, Bavaria, Moravia, Austria)
Three families vie for power, Bohemia, Luxemburg, Hapsburg
Sigismund last of Luxemburg’s to rule all of Germany; called Council of Constance
Eventually Hapsburg rule dominates
Maximilian I (Hapsburg)
Son marries Spanish heiress (Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella)
Their son in Charles V
Charles V reigns
King of Spain starting in 1516; HRE in 1519, but only after making significant concessions to Fredrick the Wise of Saxony
Abdicates in 1556; son Phillip II rules Spain and Netherlands; and brother Ferdinand I becomes HRE, rules Germany and Austria
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

13. 14th – 16th C Political Situation: Spain
Throughout 14th C and 15th C Christian kingdoms of northern Spain fight against Muslims
Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon succeed in expelling Muslims from Spain in 1492
Charles V (their grandson) becomes king of Spain in 1516
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

14. 15-16th C Political Situation: Italy
Dominated by Medici Family
Florentine family
International bankers
Opposed by Pazzi Family in Florence: Pazzi conspiracy of 1478
Pazzi’s took Vatican banking business away from Medici
Pazzi allies including Sextus IV and the Archbishop of Pisa formed a conspiracy to kill Lorenzo (the Magnificent) and his brother Giuliano in Pazzi Chapel at Easter Mass
Giuliano was murdered, but crowd rises up against Archbishop, hangs him in his vestments
Pope Sextus IV forced to reconcile with Lorenzo
16th C Medici Popes: Leo X and Clement VII
Machiavelli ( ), The Prince, written with Caesar Borgia, illegitimate and tyrannical son of Pope Alexander VI as model
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

15. 14th – 16th C Political Situation: Eastern Mediterranean
Mongol expansion in 13th and 14th C in Asia pushes Ottomon Turks Westward
Ottomon succeed Seljuk Turks for control of Persia, Syria, Egypt
Mohammed II captures Constantinople 1453
Other than a few priests, West sent no aid to Constantinople after Council of Florence
Day before final battle, Eastern Church repudiates Council of Florence
Mohammed II renames Constantinople Istanbul; Hagia Sophia becomes a mosque
Suleyman Magnificent becomes sultan 1520
Ottoman expansion is checked at Battle of Vienna 1533 and by Spanish at Battle of Lepanto 1571
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

16. Recap: Situation Early 16th C
Byzantine Empire destroyed; Constantinople renamed Istanbul
Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern Mediterranean
Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims
France and England in uneasy truce
France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France
Strong National Rulers
Francois I of France
Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands)
Henry VIII in England
Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy; reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

17. Europe in 1519 www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/maps/1519eur.jpg
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

18. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
German Reformation
How it started: 1517, Albrecht of Mainz wants to be Archbishop
Albrecht buys his archbishopric from Rome (Leo X); Rome needs the money in part to help pay for rebuilding of St. Peters
Rome authorizes the preaching of a special indulgence in Germany, with the money to go to Albrecht to repay him
Martin Luther ( )
Responds to this situation with 95 Thesis
Go far beyond denouncing sin of simony and corruption; fundamentally calls into question Rome’s primacy and theology of indulgences; denounces scholasticism
German princes, especially Fredrick the Wise of Saxony, support Luther against Rome and against HRE Charles V
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

19. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Political Response
Pope Leo X did not want to cross Fredrick the Wise
Check on Charles V power
Wanted Germans to take up arms against Turks
Luther appears before Diet of Worms, 1521
Luther is condemned by Charles V
‘Kidnapped’ by Fredrick the Wise and taken to Warburg Castle to prevent capture by Charles V
Peasants Revolt in Germany in 1525, violently suppressed by Lutherans
Charles uses Lutheran troops to attack Pope and sack Rome in 1527
Schmalkalden League formed in by German nobles opposed to Charles V
Sporadic Battles between them and Charles V until…
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Cuius regio, eius religio, “whose reign, his religion”
Only valid for Lutheran and Catholic princes
Answer to who’s in charge
Thirty Years War, , continued armed struggles in Europe along political and religious lines (France and Sweden against Protestant German duchies)
Peace of Westphalia confirmed Peace of Augsburg, but now included Calvinists
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

20. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Swiss Reformation
Huldrych Zwingli ( )
A priest, Zwingli becomes member of Zurich city council
Preaches against Catholic liturgical practice
Upholds sovereignty of Swiss cantons
But sovereignty in combination of religion and civil rule based on Bible
Dies in battle in 1531
Calvin ( ) born in France, studied law
Theological heir of Zwingli
Moves to Switzerland to be away from Catholic France
Established a ‘holy’ city in Geneva
Very influential on development of Puritanism in England and Presbyterianism in Scotland
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

21. Reformation in England
Henry VIII initially opposes Luther, remains faithful to Rome
Henry married Catherine of Spain in 1509 (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, aunt of Charles V)
Marriage yields no male heir
Pope Clement VII refuses to annul marriage
Note the request comes in 1527, just after Charles V had sacked Rome and Clement not eager to further provoke Charles
Henry declares himself head of Church in England 1532
Thomas More and other executed 1535
Very little doctrinal disagreement between Henry VIII and Rome
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

22. Religious Map of Europe c. 1560
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

23. Expansion of Spanish and Portuguese Culture 16th C
Voyages of discovery
Driven by economics
Religion followed economics
Jesuits and Franciscans were primary Catholic missionary orders
Many saw colonization of new world (Western Hemisphere) as a way to escape turmoil of old world
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

24. European Voyages of Discovery
Driven by economics,
Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient
Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks
Ottoman is an Arab corruption of the name Osman, a 13th C turkish ruler who rebelled against Seljik rule)
In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’
Most other Western European countries preoccupied with wars and Reformation
Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal and Spain
Spanish dominance ends with defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588
No educated person in Europe thought the earth was flat (see ST Ia Q1 a1)
Real question was how to sail all the way to China from Europe
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

25. Portuguese Voyages of Discovery
Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)
Encourages exploration of West Africa
Significantly improves navigation instruments
Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487
Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially Congo and Angola
Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan China
Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

26. Spanish Voyages of Discovery
Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492 to Caribbean
Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert ‘Indians’
Cortez conquers Mexico,
Pizarro conquers Peru 1532
By 1600 Spanish had
Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida)
Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South America
Santa Fe, New Mexico is oldest capitol city in U.S.
By comparison,
Jamestown founded 1607
Quebec founded 1608
Plymouth founded 1620
Montreal founded 1642
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

27. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Map of Voyages
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

28. Role of Church: Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI (Borgia)
Divides ‘world’ between Spain and Portugal down Atlantic in 1493
Known as Line of Demarcation
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

29. Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522
Magellan, although Portuguese, surmised that the Line of Demarcation if completed around the world meant that most of the Spice Islands would belong to Spain
Charles V eager to claim these lands for Spain
Entered into Spanish service to claim lands in the East (i.e. Spice Islands and Philippines) for Spain
Magellan killed in Philippines during the voyage
Comparable to Apollo program in 1960s
Tremendous national pride in being the first to circumnavigate the globe
Something that only the wealthiest country could reasonable undertake
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

30. CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Readings
Lengthy reading from Vidmar;
We will discuss theological development next week
95 Theses found at
Primary readings are relatively short
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal