2. The Age of Realpolitik (1848-1871) By Miss Raia

3. Emergence of Realpolitik Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 for liberals and romantics demonstrated that strong idealism was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 for liberals and romantics demonstrated that strong idealism was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals Political outgrowth of realism was the notion of realpolitik – the accomplishing of one’s political goals via practical means Political outgrowth of realism was the notion of realpolitik – the accomplishing of one’s political goals via practical means A new political era emerged where nationalist goals were achieved by a step by step process in Machiavellian fashion A new political era emerged where nationalist goals were achieved by a step by step process in Machiavellian fashion

4. The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia Failure of the Concert of Europe Failure of the Concert of Europe Credibility undermined by failure of the powers to cooperate during revolutions of 1848-49. Credibility undermined by failure of the powers to cooperate during revolutions of 1848-49. Between 1848 and 1878, peace in Europe interrupted by the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Between 1848 and 1878, peace in Europe interrupted by the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.

5. Causes Main: Dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine) Main: Dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine) 1852, Turks (who controlled the region) negotiated an agreement with France to provide enclaves in the Holy Land to Roman Catholic religious orders. 1852, Turks (who controlled the region) negotiated an agreement with France to provide enclaves in the Holy Land to Roman Catholic religious orders. This arrangement seemed to jeopardize existing agreements which provided access to Greek Orthodox religious orders (that Russia favored) This arrangement seemed to jeopardize existing agreements which provided access to Greek Orthodox religious orders (that Russia favored) Czar Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several provinces on the Danube Czar Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several provinces on the Danube Russia would withdraw once Turks had guaranteed rights for Orthodox Christians Russia would withdraw once Turks had guaranteed rights for Orthodox Christians

6. Causes Continued Turks declared war on Russia in 1853, when Nicholas refused to withdraw Turks declared war on Russia in 1853, when Nicholas refused to withdraw 1854, Britain & France declared war against Russia (surprise! Turks were not Christians) 1854, Britain & France declared war against Russia (surprise! Turks were not Christians) “Four Points” included the following provisions: “Four Points” included the following provisions: –Russia had to renounce claims to the occupied principalities on the Danube –Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River were internationalized –Russia had to renounce its special role of Greek Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman empire 1855, Piedmont joined in the war against Russia 1855, Piedmont joined in the war against Russia Most of the war fought on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea Most of the war fought on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea

7. The Crimean War [1854-1856]

8. Florence Nightingale [1820- 1910] “The Lady with the Lamp”

9. Peace of Paris Russia emerged as the big loser in the conflict Russia emerged as the big loser in the conflict Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on the Danube, had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danube, and renounced claims to Moldavia and Wallachia Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on the Danube, had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danube, and renounced claims to Moldavia and Wallachia Russia renounced role of protector of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire. Russia renounced role of protector of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire. Agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman Empire. Agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman Empire.

10. Second French Republic (1848-1852) Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly-elected president of the Republic Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly-elected president of the Republic President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes—the Church, army, property-owners, and business. Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes—the Church, army, property-owners, and business. Universal suffrage Universal suffrage Falloux Law: Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for support) Falloux Law: Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for support) The Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon either payment of personal debt or allowance for a 2nd presidential term resulting in his plotting a coup (1851) The Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon either payment of personal debt or allowance for a 2nd presidential term resulting in his plotting a coup (1851)

11. The Second Empire (or Liberal Empire) Emperor Napoleon III, 1851: took control of gov’t in coup d’etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year Emperor Napoleon III, 1851: took control of gov’t in coup d’etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year 1851-1860: Napoleon III’s control was direct and authoritarian. 1851-1860: Napoleon III’s control was direct and authoritarian. 1860-1870: Regime liberalized by a series of reforms. 1860-1870: Regime liberalized by a series of reforms. Economic reforms resulted in a healthy economy Economic reforms resulted in a healthy economy Infrastructure: canals, roads; Baron Haussmann redevelops Paris Infrastructure: canals, roads; Baron Haussmann redevelops Paris Movement towards free trade Movement towards free trade Banking: Credit Mobilier funded industrial and infrastructure growth Banking: Credit Mobilier funded industrial and infrastructure growth

12. The Second Empire Cont. Foreign policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of Napoleon III Foreign policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of Napoleon III Algeria, Crimean War, Italian unification struggles, colonial possessions in Africa Algeria, Crimean War, Italian unification struggles, colonial possessions in Africa Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III results in collapse of 2nd Empire Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III results in collapse of 2nd Empire Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe. Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe. Demonstrated how gov’t could reconcile popular and conservative forces in an authoritarian nationalism. Demonstrated how gov’t could reconcile popular and conservative forces in an authoritarian nationalism.

13. Liberal Reforms Done in part to divert attention from unsuccessful foreign policy Done in part to divert attention from unsuccessful foreign policy Extended power of the Legislative Assembly Extended power of the Legislative Assembly Returned control of secondary education to the government (instead of Catholic Church) Returned control of secondary education to the government (instead of Catholic Church) –In response, Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors, condemning liberalism. Permitted trade unions and right to strike Permitted trade unions and right to strike Eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisoners Eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisoners

15. Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

16. Count Cavour (1810-1861 of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian unification of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian unification King's prime minister between 1852 and 1861 King's prime minister between 1852 and 1861 Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the basis of a new Italy. Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the basis of a new Italy. Built Sardinia into a liberal and economically sound state Built Sardinia into a liberal and economically sound state Modeled on French system: some civil liberties, parliamentary gov't with elections and parliamentary control of taxes. Modeled on French system: some civil liberties, parliamentary gov't with elections and parliamentary control of taxes. Built up infrastructure (roads, canals) Built up infrastructure (roads, canals) The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law sought to curtail influence of the Catholic Church. The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law sought to curtail influence of the Catholic Church. 1864, Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors warned Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty. 1864, Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors warned Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty.

17. Unification Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of Italy Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of Italy 1855, joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia (gained an ally in France) 1855, joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia (gained an ally in France) Plombiérès (1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia) Plombiérès (1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia) –In return, France would get Savoy and Nice –Austria declared war on Sardinia in 1859 after being provoked –France backed away from Plombieres agreement: fear of war with Prussia, surprising Austrian military power, revolutionary unrest in northern Italy, and French public's consternation over a war with Catholic Austria.

18. Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

19. Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

20. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

21. French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!

22. A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

23. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?

25. Zollverein, 1834

26. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

28. Kaiser Wilhelm I

29. Helmut von Moltke

30. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

31. Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

32. Otto von Bismarck.... I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

33. The German Confederation

34. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

35. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

36. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

37. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

38. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

39. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

40. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. ------------------- France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

41. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

42. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

43. German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

44. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

45. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

46. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

47. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888- 1918]

48. Kaiser Wilhelm II

50. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

51. Austrian Imperial Flag

52. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

53. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

54. Augsliech

55. Russian Imperial Flag

56. Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

57. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

58. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861- 1863].

59. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program. Jews  forced migration to the Pale

60. Russian Expansion The Pale

61. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

62. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sicker Man of Europe”