1. The Spirit of Reform

2. A New Era in Politics
In the early 1800s, many states eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting and as a result, more men gained the right to vote.
In the 1828 election, many of these voters elected Andrew Jackson as president.
Jackson believed in the participation of the average citizen in government.

3. A New Era in Politics
Jackson supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support.
He believed this practice opened up the government to average citizens.
Jackson supported the national nominating convention, a system where delegates from the states met to choose the party’s presidential nominee.

4. A New Era in Politics
When Jackson was nominated, presidential candidates were chosen through the caucus system, in which congressional party members would choose the nominee.

5. The Nullification Crisis
In the early 1800s, South Carolina had a weak economy and many blamed the nation’s tariffs.
They purchased most of their manufactured goods from England and the high tariffs made these goods expensive.
When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828 – called the Tariff of Abominations by critics – South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union.

6. The Nullification Crisis
John C. Calhoun, from South Carolina, was the vice president and he was torn between supporting the nation’s policies and his fellow South Carolinians.
He proposed nullification instead of secession.
This idea argued that since the states had created the Union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid

7. The Nullification Crisis
After Congress passed another tariff law in 1832, South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional.
Jackson considered this declaration an act of treason, and sent a warship to Charleston.
Congress passed the Force Bill, authorizing the president to use military to enforce acts of Congress.

8. The Nullification Crisis
Senator Henry Clay pushed through a bill that would lower the tariffs within two years, South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law.
Both sides felt they won and the problem was pushed aside, but not forgotten.

9. Policies Toward Native Americans
Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native Americans to the Great Plains.
In 1830 he supported the Indian Removal Act, which allocated funds to relocated Native Americans.
Most Native Americans resettled in the West, but the Cherokee of Georgia refused.
They sued the state, and the case reached the Supreme Court.

10. Policies Toward Native Americans
In Worcester v. Georgia, John Marshall ruled for the Cherokee and ordered the state to honor their property rights.
Jackson refused to support the decision
President Martin Van Buren sent in an army to force the remaining people to move west to Oklahoma.

11. Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
Worcester v. GA (1832)
Jackson: “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!”

12. Policies Toward Native Americans
Thousands of Cherokees died while waiting in camps for removal to Oklahoma.
Thousands more died on the journey that became known as the Trail of Tears.
Although most Americans supported the removal policy, some National Republicans and a few religious denominations condemned it.

13. Indian Removal

14. Jackson Battles the National Bank
The Second Bank of the US was instrumental in keeping the nation’s money supply stable.
The Bank prevented state banks from loaning too much by asking them to redeem notes for gold and silver.
This helped keep inflation in check.
Many western settlers who needed easy credit opposed the Bank’s policies.

15. Jackson Battles the National Bank
Jackson believed the Bank was unconstitutional , even though the Supreme Court ruled otherwise.
Jackson vetoed a bill that would extend the charter of the Bank for another 20 years.
He regarded the Bank as a benefit only to the wealthy.

16. Jackson Battles the National Bank
During the 1832 presidential election, Jackson opposed the Bank.
Most Americans supported Jackson. Jackson viewed their support as a directive to destroy the Bank.
He removed the government’s deposits from the Bank, forcing it to call in its loans and stop lending.

17. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”?

18. A New Party Emerges
By the mid-1830s, a new political party called the Whigs formed to oppose President Jackson.
Many members were former National Republicans, whose party had fallen apart.
Unlike Jackson’s Democrats, Whigs wanted to expand the federal government and encourage commercial development.

19. A New Party Emerges
The Whigs could not settle on one candidate in the 1836 election.
They ran three candidates
Jackson’s popularity and the nation’s continued economic prosperity helped Democrat Martin Van Buren win.
Shortly after he took office, the country experienced an economic crisis, known as the Panic of 1837.

20. Results of the Jackson’s Bank War
Banknotes lose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

21. A New Party Emerges
Thousands of farmers lost their land and unemployment soared.
The Whigs saw this economic crisis as an opportunity to defeat the Democrats and they nominated General William Henry Harrison for president in 1840 and John Tyler, a former Democrat for vice president.
His campaign slogan was “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

22. A New Party Emerges The Whig candidate won.
Harrison died 32 days after his inauguration and Tyler succeeded to the presidency.
Tyler opposed many Whig policies and sided with the Democrats who opposed issues such as the Third Bank and a higher tariff.

23. The New Wave of Immigrants
Between 1815 and 1860 the US experienced a huge increase in immigrants. The largest group, almost 2 million, came from Ireland.
They were driven out because of widespread famine due to the destruction of the potato crop by a fungus.
The Irish generally settled in the Northeast and worked as unskilled laborers.

24. The New Wave of Immigrants
The 2nd largest group of immigrants came from Germany. They settled in the Midwest, where they started farms and businesses.
The presence of people from different cultures, languages, and religions brought about feelings of nativism, or hostility toward foreigners, among many Americans.

25. The New Wave of Immigrants
Anti-Catholic sentiments (feelings) towards the many Catholic immigrants led to the rise of nativist groups.
The groups pushed for laws banning immigrants and Catholics from holding public office. Members from various groups formed the American Party.

26. The New Wave of Immigrants
Membership in the party was secret. When questioned, members were obliged to answer, “I know nothing.” As a result, the party was nicknamed the Know-Nothings.

27. A Religious Revival
Religious leaders organized to revive the nation’s commitment to religion in a movement known as the Second Great Awakening.
This movement promoted the belief that all people could attain grace by readmitting God and Christ into their lives.
Joseph Smith, founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ( The Mormons).

28. Influences Religious 2nd Great Awakening:
- Movement to revive American religious faith
- Improve self and the world

29. A Literary Renaissance
Many writers and thinkers of the day adopted the tenets of a movement known as romanticism.
This movement advocated feeling over reason and individuals above society. Transcendentalism was an expression of romanticism.
The philosophy urged people to transcend the limits of their mind and let their souls embrace the beauty of the universe.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were transcendentalist writers.

30. Influences Philosophical: Transcendentalism
- New England literary movement
- Beauty and goodness in all individuals
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau

31. A Literary Renaissance
Some writers created works that were uniquely American, focusing on the nation’s people, history, and natural beauty.
They included James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe, and Emily Dickinson.
More newspapers were produced as more Americans learned to read and write.

32. Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Utopian societies
Abolitionism
Temperance
Education
Women’s Rights
Asylum & Penal Reform
Free public education
Banning the sale and consumption of alcohol
Freeing the slaves
Right to Vote and equal treatment under the law
Conditions in jails and mental institutions

33. Utopian Communities
Goal: Separate from corrupt society and create ideal society
- Brook Farm:
- New Harmony
- Oneida
Result: fail to last long term, but inspired many to fix society

34. Prison and the Insane
Goal: Improve the conditions of prisoners and mentally ill
Dorothea Dix: Aid for the mentally ill
- Rehabilitation of Prisoners
- New institutions for ill

35. The Reform Spirit
In the mid-1800s, many Americans worked to reform various aspects of society.
Dorothea Dix worked for improved treatment of the mentally ill.
Benevolent societies were first started to spread God’s teaching and then to combat social problems.

36. Asylum and Penitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix
( )
Mentally ill were jailed and forced to live in terrible conditions with criminals
Responsible for getting laws passed and hospitals built
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37. Temperance Goal: Preach the evils of alcohol
Women & the Protestant church lead reform movement
Domestic Abuse
Infidelity
Results:
Some states pass prohibition laws

38. The Spirit of Reform
Many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one of the major causes of crime and poverty.
These reformers advocated temperance, or moderation in the consumption of alcohol.
Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor.

39. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Protestant Minister
Alcohol led to violence and poverty
Created societies that fought for banning alcohol
18th amendment passed in 1920 made alcohol illegal
Lyman Beecher
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40. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846

41. Educational Reform
Goal: Protect the republic by educating the electorate
- Government funded schools
- Mandatory attendance laws
- Teacher training schools
Horace Mann

42. The Spirit of Reform
Some reformers focused on improving prison conditions in the nation.
Horace Mann focused on education reform. Mann pushed for more public education .
Mary Lyon founded the first institution of higher education for women only.

43. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
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44. Horace Mann (1796-1859) “Father of American Education”
Education is great equalizer- reduce
poverty and crime
Public schools paid for with tax
dollars. Massachusetts the first
established state teacher- training programs
By 1860 every state offered
free public education to whites.
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45. The Early Women’s Movement
In the 1800s, people began dividing their life between the home and the workplace. Men generally went to work, while women took care of the house and children.
Most people at that time believed that home was the proper place for women.
Many women saw themselves as partners with their husbands, and as such believed that they should be treated equally.

46. Women’s Rights
Goal: Improve the status of women and expand their role in America
- Seneca Falls Convention: Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
"it is the duty of the women in this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the franchise.”

47. Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
“He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent life.”
“He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”
“He has withheld from her rights which are given the most ignorant and degraded men- both natives and foreigners.”
“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.”
“He has taken from her all right in property
…if single, and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it.”

49. Women’s Suffrage The right of women to vote in political elections
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony leaders of movement

50. The Early Women’s Movement
In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, a meeting to focus on equal rights for women and one that marked the beginning of the women’s movement.
Later, Susan B. Anthony would draw strength and determination from this conference and fight for women’s suffrage. (the right to vote)

51. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Women’s Rights
Started as Abolitionists:
1840: The World Anti-Slavery Society denied women delegates the right to speak.
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848- Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
Considered the birthplace of the women’s rights movement

52. Susan B. Anthony Active in temperance and Abolition
Fought for Women’s Suffrage
Formed the National Woman Suffrage Association and then the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

53. The demand for woman suffrage presented a vision of independent women that seemed to threaten social structures.

54. Two new demands:
1848: New York passed a Married Woman’s Property Act—other states followed.
But calls for divorce reform were less successful.

55. What was the Cult of Domesticity?
It was a new ideal of womanhood arising from women’s magazines, advice books, popular culture, etc.

56. Godey’s proclaimed
"The perfection of womanhood... is the wife and mother, the center of the family, that magnet that draws man to the domestic altar, that makes him a civilized being, a social Christian."

57. Ideal of Womanhood
Piety
Purity
Submissiveness
Domesticity

58. Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single - could own her own property.
Married - no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

59. Early Opposition to Slavery
Many Americans opposed slavery, but they differed on ways to end it.
Some antislavery societies supported an approach known as gradualism. They called for a gradual end to slavery.
Some antislavery societies believed that ending slavery would not end racism. They believed that the best solution was to send African Americans back to Africa.

60. Abolitionist Movement

61. ABOLITION Goal: End Slavery Why???
Against the ideas of liberty & equality
Send the ex-slaves back to Africa
American Colonization Society
Creates Liberia for freed slaves

62. Early Opposition to Slavery
The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed to move African Americans to Africa.
The ACS acquired land in West Africa and moved some free African Americans to a colony that eventually became the nation of Liberia.
The cost of transporting was high and most African Americans regarded the US as their home and had no desire to migrate to another continent. Colonization was not a realistic solution.

63. Abolition Emancipation: Complete freedom for the slaves
- Strongest support in the North

64. The New Abolitionists
In the 1830s, the idea of abolition began to take hold. Some religious groups, stressed the idea that slavery was an evil of which the country needed to repent. (2GA)
Abolitionists argued that enslaved Africans should be freed immediately.
William Lloyd Garrison founded the Liberator, an antislavery newspaper that advocated emancipation, or the freeing of all enslaved people.

65. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery went against principles of America
Immediate emancipation
Published the Liberator for 35 years (newspaper)
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66. Premiere issue - January 1, 1831
The Liberator
Premiere issue - January 1, 1831
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67. -William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionists
-William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator”
“I will not retreat a single inch, AND I WILL BE HEARD”

68. The New Abolitionists
Free African Americans also played a prominent role in the abolitionist movement.
The most prominent was Frederick Douglass, who published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star.
Sojourner Truth was another important African American abolitionist who is known for her “Ain’t I A Woman?” speech.
Isabella Baumfree (real name)

69. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
Former Slave
The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
published the “The North Star”
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70. Sojourner Truth jubiloemancipationcentury.w...
thegoodheart.blogspot.com

72. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
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73. Abolitionists Sojournor Truth - Freed northern slave
Frederick Douglass
- Runaway slave
Bought freedom
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

74. The New Abolitionists
Why did abolitionism begin to gain support in the 1830s?
The Second Great Awakening, which focused on sin and repentance, stressed the idea that slavery was an evil of which the country needed to repent.

75. The Response to Abolitionism
Many Northerners, even those who disapproved of slavery, opposed extreme abolitionism, viewing it as a threat to the existing social system.
Many warned that it would produce conflict between the North and South.
Others feared abolition would destroy the Southern economy, and thereby affect their own economy.

76. The Response to Abolitionism
Most Southerners viewed slavery as essential to their economy, and therefore opposed abolition.
Some defended slavery by claiming that most enslaved people had no desire for freedom because they benefited from their relationship with slaveholders.

77. The Response to Abolitionism
In 1831 Nat Turner led a revolt by slaves that killed more than 50 Virginians.
Southerners suppressed the circulation of the Liberator, and other abolitionist publications.
Southern postal workers refused to deliver such publications, and the House of Representatives, under pressure from the South, shelved all abolitionist petitions.

78. The Response to Abolitionism
What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement?
Many Northerners opposed extreme abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt the social system. Some feared that it would result in an influx of African Americans. Others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern economy.

79. Checking for Understanding
1. the act or process of freeing enslaved persons
2. theory that slavery should be ended gradually
3. the immediate ending of slavery
A. gradualism B. Abolitionism C. Emancipation
1.(C)
2. (A)
3.(B)