2.  The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their supporting elements (girdles) that connect them to the trunk  126 bones  Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk  Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

3.  The pectoral girdles consist of the clavicles and the scapulae  They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement  They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs

4.  S-shaped bones  Small, fragile  Smooth superior surface lies just beneath the skin Figure 7.22b, c

5.  The scapulae are triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs

6.  Consists of the bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

7.  The humerus is the sole bone of the arm  It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow

8.  In anatomical position, the ulna lies medial to the radius  Slightly longer than the radius  Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus

9.  Lateral bone (to the ulna) of the forearm  Thin at its proximal end, widened distally  The superior surface of the head articulates with the humerus

10. Figure 7.24 a, b

11.  Consists of eight carpal bones: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate “Sam Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard”

12.  Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally Heads articulate with the phalanges

13.  Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called phalanges  Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex)  Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges – distal, middle, and proximal  The thumb has no middle phalanx

15.  The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (coxal)  Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis  The pelvis Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis Forms by the fusion of 3 bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

16. Figure 7.27a

17. Figure 7.27b

18.  Female pelvis Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing True pelvis defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity  Male pelvis Tilted less forward Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

19. Table 7.4

21.  Each lower limb consists of a femur (thigh), patella (knee cap), tibia & fibula (lower leg), tarsal bones (ankle), metatarsal (foot), and phalanges (toes)  They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs

22.  The sole bone of the thigh  Longest and heaviest bone in the body  Articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula Figure 7.28b

23.  Large sesamoid bone

24.  Large medial bone of the leg  Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot  Slender bone of the leg  Site for attachment of muscles that move the foot and toes Fibula

25. Figure 7.29a, b

26.  Composed of seven tarsal bones: 1. Talus 2. Calcaneus (heel bone) 3. Cuboid 4. Navicular 5. Medial Cuneiform 6. Intermediate Cuneiform 7. Lateral Cuneiform “Tom Can Control Not Much In Life”

27. Figure 7.31b, c

28.  Metatarsals Five (I - V) long bones  Phalanges The 14 bones of the toes Each digit has three phalanges except the hallux, which has no middle phalanx Figure 7.31a