1. 7.5 p. 205 – p. 259

2.  206 bones in human body  Made up of 2 parts: ◦ Axial Skeleton ◦ Appendicular Skeleton  http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/sk eletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/t utorial.html http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/sk eletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/t utorial.html

3.  Skull ◦ Cranium ◦ Face  Hyoid Bone  Vertebral Column  Thoracic Cage ◦ Ribs ◦ Sternum

4.  Pectoral girdle  Upper limbs  Pelvic girdle  Lower limbs

5. Axial Skeleton

8.  Frontal bone  Parietal Bone  Temporal Bones  Occipital Bone  Sphenoid Bone  Ethmoid Bone

9.  Frontal Bone ◦ Forehead ◦ Bone under eyebrows ◦ Superior portion of eye orbits  Parietal Bones ◦ Most superior and lateral walls of cranium ◦ Sagittal suture at midline ◦ Coronal suture where they meet the frontal bone

10.  Temporal Bones: inferior to the parietal bones ◦ Joined at squamous sutures ◦ External acoustic meatus ◦ Styloid process ◦ Zygomatic process ◦ Mastoid process ◦ Jugular foramen ◦ Internal acoustic meatus ◦ Carotid

11.  Occipital Bone ◦ Joined to parietal bones anteriorly by the lambdoid suture ◦ Foramen magnum  Surrounds lower part or brain, allows spinal cord to connect to brain ◦ Occipital condyles

12.  Sphenoid Bone ◦ Spans width of the skull ◦ Forms floor of cranial cavity ◦ Optic canal ◦ Sphenoid sinuses

13.  Ethmoid Bones ◦ Anterior to sphenoid bone ◦ Forms roof of nasal cavity ◦ Crista galli – extension forms nasal septum ◦ Superior and middle nasal conchae – support mucous membranes ◦ Ethmoidal Sinuses

14.  http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsy stem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/me nu.html http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsy stem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/me nu.html

16.  Maxillae  Palantine Bones  Zygomatic Bones  Lacrimal Bones  Nasal Bones  Vomer Bone  Inferior Nasal Conchae  Mandible

17.  Maxillae (maxillary bones) ◦ Upper jaw ◦ Keystone bones – all other bones join with the maxillae bones ◦ Upper teeth in alveolar margin ◦ Palantine processes – anterior portion of hard palate ◦ Paranasal sinuses  Palantine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate ◦ Failure to develop forms a cleft palate

18.  Zygomatic Bones ◦ Cheek bones ◦ Eye sockets  Lacrimal Bones ◦ Medial portion of each eye socket ◦ Groove to serve as passageway for tears  Nasal bones ◦ Small bones forming bridge of the nose

19.  Vomer Bone ◦ Joins the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum  Inferior Nasal Conchae ◦ Thin, curved bones from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity  Mandible ◦ Lower jaw ◦ Body ◦ Rami ◦ Lower teeth in alveoli (alveolar margin)

20.  Only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with another bone  Suspended in neck approximately 2cm above the larynx  Movement of tongue  Attachment for neck muscles

21.  Use your books and computers to summarize the development of the skull. Focus in fetal development through adolescence.  Bullet points or paragraph  Be prepared to present all or a portion to the class.

23.  Are the same bones seen in the adult as seen in the fetus?  How does the size of the fetal face compare to the cranium? ◦ How does this compare to an adult skull?  What is a fontanel? ◦ What is its fate? ◦ What is the function of the fontanel in the fetal skull?

24.  Regions: ◦ Cervical ◦ Thoracic ◦ Lumbar ◦ Sacral  Shapes vary  Intervertebral discs ◦ Separate and cushion vertebrae

25.  Body / centrum  Vertebral arch  Vertebral foramen  Pedicles  Transverse processes  Spinous processes  Superior and inferior articular facets  Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments

26.  C1 – C7  Neck region of spine  First two vertebrae: atlas and axis (allows you to shake your head “no” – atlas will pivot around the dens)

27.  Smallest vertebrae  Transverse process contains foramina for the vertebral arteries to pass through

28.  T1 – T12  Larger than cervical vertebrae  Connect with ribs

29.  L1 – L5  Sturdiest vertebrae  Massive bodies, short spinous processes

30.  Fusion of 5 vertebrae  Superiorly connects with L5  Inferiorly connects with coccyx  Sacral foramina  Sacral canal

31.  Fusion of three irregularly shaped vertebrae  “tailbone”

32.  Identify the pictures using your notes.  Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, axis, atlas

33. -Ribs -Sternum -Costal Cartilage

34.  12 pairs of ribs (24 total)  True Ribs ◦ First 7 pairs of ribs ◦ Vertebrosternal ribs  False ribs: ◦ Next 5 pairs of ribs ◦ Do not reach sternum directly ◦ Last 2 pairs of the false ribs are sometimes called floating ribs

35.  Midline of anterior portion of thoracic cage  3 parts: ◦ Manubrium ◦ Body ◦ Xiphoid process

36. Appendicular Skeleton

37.  Shoulder girdle  Clavicles  Scapulae (scapula)  Support of upper limb and muscle attachment

38.  Slender, rod like bones  Elongated S-shape  Base of the neck  Run from the manubrium to the scapulae

39.  Broad, triangular in shape  Either side of the upper back  Spine  Acromion process and coracoid process form the top of the shoulder  Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the humerus

40.  Humerus  Radius  Ulna  Hand ◦ Carpals ◦ Metacarpals ◦ Phalanges

41.  Scapula  elbow  Head fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula  Greater tubercle  Lesser tubercle ◦ Both provide muscle attachment

42.  Thumb side of the forearm  Shorter than the ulna  Head articulates with the ulna (radial notch) and the humerus

43.  Longer than the radius  Articulates with the humerus (trochlear notch)

44.  Wrist ◦ 8 small carpals in two rows ◦ All together called carpus  Palm ◦ 5 bones, in line with each finger  Fingers ◦ Phalanges ◦ 2 bones in thumb ◦ 3 bones in fingers

45.  Hip bones ◦ Ilium ◦ Ischium ◦ Pubis  Symphysis pubis  Male pelvis is more slender than the female pelvis ◦ Female ilium is wider

46.  Femur  Patella  Tibia  Fibula  Foot: ◦ Tarsals ◦ Metatarsals ◦ Phalanges

47.  Longest bone in the body  Connects hip to knee  Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter  Lateral and medial chondyle articulate with tibia

48.  Kneecap  Covers joint between femur and tibia

49.  Tibia: shin bone  Larger of the two  Articulates at the knee with the femur  Medial portion of lower leg  Fibula  Bears no body weight  Lateral portion of the leg  Protrudes from ankle

50.  Tarsals (form the tarsus) ◦ Talus: forms medial portion of ankle ◦ Calcaneus: heel bone  Metatarsals: 5 bones ◦ Form foot  Phalanges ◦ Toes  Big toe (2 bones)  other 4 toes (3 bones)