1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Introduction Plants are placed into 2 groups based on structural and
functional similarities, but all plants share the following
characteristics.
A. Eukaryotic
B. Multicellular
C. Have organs and organ systems
E. Have cell walls composed of cellulose
F. Are autotrophic
G. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
H. All are non-motile
Special adaptations are therefore required for reproduction

3. Plant Structure and Growth
A. Roots – Functions:
Anchor the plant
Absorb water and minerals
Transport these materials to the stem
Some plants store food in roots
Each root has root hairs, increase surface area for water absorption

4. Plant Structure and Growth
B. Stems – Functions:
Support for the plant
Transport water and minerals
Modified stem for storage of food
Example: Potato

5. Plant Structure and Growth
C. Leaves – Functions:
Main organ for photosynthesis
Large surface area for maximum light absorption

6. Plant Structure and Growth
Structure of Leaf
a.) Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent water loss
b.) Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells; prevents injury, infection
c.) Mesophyll: Photosynthetic layer of leaf
1. Palisade layer: upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site
of most photosynthesis
2. Spongy layer: Underside of leaf; loosely – packed cells allow for gas
exchange of CO2 and O2
d.) Vein: xylem and phloem
e.) Stomata: Opening in underside of leaf that allows CO2
(carbon dioxide) to enter and O2 (oxygen) to exit
f.) Guard cells: Control the size of stomata. Work to preserve
balance between allowing for gas exchange
without losing too much water. “Plant sweat” is
known as transpiration.

8. Plant Structure and Growth
D. Plant Transport
The 2 types of vascular tissue:
1. Xylem: transports water and minerals from the root to
the rest of the plant
2. Phloem: transports “food” (glucose) from the leaves to

9. Plant Structure and Growth
E. Plant growth
1. Primary growth: Life long
growth occurs at the tip of
the stem and the end of the
roots
2. Secondary Growth: Trees
and some other plants have a
second type that allows them
to grow in width or girth.

10. Plant Structure and Growth
F. Seeds
A seed consist of an embryo surrounded
by a tough protective coat.
Dicot Seed

11. Plant Classification Plants are classified into 2 basic groups based
on whether they contain vascular tissue.

12. Plant Classification A. Bryophytes – No vascular tissue present
mosses
A. Bryophytes – No
vascular tissue present
Depends on water for reproduction
No vascular system,
therefore no taller
than 20 cm
Examples: mosses,
hornworts,
liverworts
liverworts
hornworts,

13. Plant Classification B. Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue
Grow taller
Live in drier climates
The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence
or absence of pollen, seeds and fruit.
1. Pterophytes
2. Gymnosperms
3. Angiosperms
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

14. Plant Classification 1. Pterophytes – commonly called ferns No pollen
No seeds
No fruits
Found predominantly in moist climates because the sperm must swim to the egg cell

15. Plant Classification 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed” Have pollen
Have seeds not protected by fruit
No fruit
Cones present
Example: Largest group is the conifers which includes pines, spruce, cedar
Have common characteristic leaves called needles, which are modified to prevent water loss and minimize ice build – up
Have “flying sperm” or pollen, so they are no longer tied to water for reproduction

16. Plant Classification 3. Angiosperms Most complex and adaptable
Most successful
Have pollen
Have seeds
Have fruit
Mature ovary
Contains one or more seeds
Provides embryo with protection
Increases seed dispersal

17. Plant Classification Angiosperms cont. Have flowers
It enhances pollination
Parts of the flower
Stamen – male reproductive organ
Anther – where pollen is produced, which contain the sperm cells
Filament – holds up the anther
Pistil – female reproductive organ
Stigma – sticky to hold pollen
Style – holds up the sigma
Ovary – where the egg is produced and fertilized
Petal – colorful and / or scented to attract pollenators

18. stigma {
anther
Stamen
filament
style
Carpel
petal
ovule
ovary

19. Class Monocots One cotyledon – seed leaf Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Ex.: grasses, corn, lilies

20. Class Dicot Two cotyledon Branching veins on leaves Tap roots
Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Ex.: roses, oak trees, etc.

21. Monocots and Dicots