2. From Republic to Empire Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Rome ’ s lower class. He served as Tribune. He wanted to limit the amount of land controlled by the Patricians. He was assassinated in 132 B.C.E. His brother Gaius Gracchus continued his brother ’ s reforms.

3. Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul

4. Roman Fort

5. Roman Empire 117 A.D.

6. Julius Caesar 47 BCE: seized power in Rome, by made dictator. A by 44 B.C.E: title dictator for life. Land reforms & land to the poor. ↑ Senate to 900 & packed it with supporters of his reforms. Assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C.E. (partly unhappy w/ relationship w/ Cleo & their son) Caesarion called “King of Kings” when Cleo & her next lover, Marc Antony, celebrated triumph over Armenia

7. Octavian aka. Augustus Caesar (r. 27 BCE- 14CE ) first Roman Emperor, though its the Principate Senate titles Augustus (“revered one”). Battle of Actium 31BCE makes undisputed ruler (no Cleo/Marc!!) Statute and coins promoted

8. Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) Standing army of 150K men split into legions of around 5K each. Only Roman citizens could be legionaries. Subject peoples in the provinces and else where could serve under the legionaries. Created the Praetorian (his personal) guard ~ 9K men.

9. 5 maniples (600) Triarii 10 maniples principes 10 maniples hastati 10 maniples velites Early Roman Legion

10. The Pax Romana peace and prosperity which begins with Augustus and continues for 200 years. Julio-Claudian line which ends with Nero. After Nero there is a civil war and Vespasian becomes emperor.

11. At its height, the Roman empire contained portions of three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). Keep in mind this area of influence as we look at examples of Roman achievements.

14. Entertainment & Social Life Circus Maximus chariot racing capacity = 250,000 Public Baths hot pools, warm pools, cold pools Colosseum gladiators, navy battles, and animal fights

15. Circus Maximus

16. Engineering Roads – aided the army – remained long after the fall of Rome Aqueducts brought fresh water to cities (some still in use across Europe)

17. Characteristics of Domes: Basilicas: Large, relatively open; able to have mor places Pantheon The floor was made from stone from the four corners of the empire.

18. Public Baths

19. Latin Official language of the western half of the empire Official language of the Catholic church until the 20 th century Languages derived from Latin – called Romance languages

20. Language, Literature, History & Philosophy Latin Poetry Virgil’s –Aeneid History: Studied the rise and fall of Rome – Livy – Livy – – Tacitus – Tacitus – Marcus Aurelius Stoicism Marcus Aurelius – This emperor even wrote of book of philosophy called Meditations

21. Philosophy Marcus Aurelius Stoicism prioritizes duty and accepting one’s fate adopted from the teachings of the Greek philosopher Zeno Marcus Aurelius was the most noted stoic – This emperor even wrote of book of philosophy called Meditations

22. Roman Law Some Main Concepts – “innocent until proven guilty” – guilt must be “clearer than daylight” – Actions, not thoughts, were punishable – Defendants could challenge their accusers before a judge – Judges could set aside unfair laws Tradition of written law dates back to c.450 BCE with the “Twelve Tables.” Jurists sought to construct a rational body of law that would apply to all peoples under Roman control

23. Roman Coinage Elagabalus & Grandmother Hades stealing Persephone

24. Good & Bad Emperors Hadrian (117-138 C.E.)- Marcus Aurelius ( 161-180 C.E.)-

26. Roman Family Life

27. Slavery Slaves made up 1/3 of the Roman population. Working conditions for slaves in the cities were somewhat better. Laborers would often be chained together while working in the fields. Spartacus ’ uprising in 73 B.C.E. was the largest slave revolt, but not the only one.

28. The Pantheon 128 A.D. Commissioned by Emperor Hadrin Started in 118 A.D. It is a clock of sorts. It tells the time by rays of light hitting the sculptures inside.

29. The Roman Empire Other Important Roman Emperors: Diocletian -

30. The Roman Empire Other Important Roman Emperors: Constantine -

31. The Roman Empire Other Important Roman Emperors: Justinian - his code of laws quickly spread throughout all of Europe

32. Roman Contributions Law - The Twelve Tables (450 BC) gradually developed into Justinian’s Code of the 6th century AD. It divided law into civil and criminal law. Roman law was just and humane. In principle, all people were equal. The accused were considered to be innocent until proven guilty. Torture was outlawed.

33. Roman Contributions Roads - To unite the empire of over 100 million Greeks, Egyptians, Gauls, Germans, Britains, and others, Rome built roads for trade and protection. Latin language and culture spread to the outlying provinces.

34. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Eastern half of the empire lasted until 1453 AD when the Turks conquered Constantinople. Rome was conquered by German barbarians in 476 AD.

35. Roman Contributions Language - “Romance” languages of Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian are based on Latin. Latin became the language of the government, church, and schools throughout Europe. Modern law and medicine still contain many Latin terms.

36. Roman Contributions Builders - Roads, bridges, aqueducts, sewers, public baths, coliseums, and basilicas (churches) were built by Roman engineers. Romans developed concrete and used arches and domes in their construction.

37. Roman Contributions Literature - Virgil’s Aeneid is an epic poem modeled after Homer’s Illiad. Ceasar’s Commentaries, on his battles in Gaul are considered great literature.

38. The Fall of the Roman Empire Reasons: Political: 1.Lack of democracy led to a loss of patriotism 2.The Empire was geographically to big 3.Lack of orderly succession led to civil wars and generals coming to power Economic: 1.Growing gap between the rich and the poor 2.Farmers lost land because of growing debt (Slaves) 3.Increased use of slaves led to a loss of trade and high unemployment

39. The Fall of the Roman Empire Reasons: Social: 1.Wars, hunger and plague 2.Cultural decline (Sense of drift) Military: 1.Armies were masters of the state and could make and unmake emperors 2.Lack of trust in the Military (Mercenaries)