1. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 1 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Engineering 10 Chp.15 Professional Ethics Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu

2. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 2 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Development of Prof. Ethics  OutLine The Nature of Ethics Definition of “Ethics” Definition of an Ethically Based “Profession” Short history of Professional Ethics –Oaths –Code(s) of ethics Brief history of Engineering code(s) of ethics SIMILARITIES to Ethics in other professions DIFFERENCES from Ethics in Other professions Conclusion

3. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 3 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering The Nature of Ethics  Ethics is generally concerned with rules or guidelines for morals and/or socially approved conduct  Ethical standards generally apply to conduct that can or does have a substantial effect on people’s lives

4. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 4 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Ethics Defined  General Ethics The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy  Professional Ethics The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession

5. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 5 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering General Ethics Theories  Utilitarianism  Duty Ethics  Rights Ethics  Virtue Ethics

6. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 6 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Utilitarian Ethics J. S. Mill (1806-1873)  Considers a balance of good & bad consequences for everyone affected (society)  Actions are good that serve to promote human well-being OverAll  Cost-Benefit analysis is an application  Consideration of most benefit to the most people outweighs needs of a few individuals

7. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 7 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Duty Ethics Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)  There are duties that should be performed regardless of whether these acts do the most good or not  Kant believed that there are higher principles that are good in every time, every culture, and every situation. When faced with an ethical dilemma, Kant believed we should ask ourselves: “To whom do I owe a duty and what duty do I owe them?” e.g.; Duty to treat others fairly, or not to injure others

8. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 8 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Rights Ethics John Locke (1632-1704)  Locke Believed that ALL PERSONS are born FREE and EQUAL  Thus People have fundamental rights (such as: life, liberty, & property) that others have a duty to respect.

9. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 9 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Virtue Ethics  Virtue-based ethics places less emphasis on rules and instead focuses on good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later in life  Actions are considered right if they support good character traits (virtues) and wrong if they support bad character traits (vices) Closely tied to Personal Honor

10. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 10 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Examples  Personal Ethics  DownLoad Pirated Software  Expense account padding  Copying of homework or tests  Income tax “fudging”  “Borrowing” nuts and bolts, office supplies from employer  Copying of Videos or CD’s  Plagiarism  Using the copy machine at work

11. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 11 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering ¿¿¿ Class Question ???  What are some of the Characteristics of a Profession or a Professional? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

12. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 12 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering “Profession” Defined  A “Profession” Differs from a “Job”, an “Occupation”, or a even a “Career”  All professions combine special knowledge, special privileges special responsibilities

13. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 13 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering “Professional” Defined  Professional skills are important to the well-being of society. Professionals: Have autonomy in the workplace; They are expected to utilize their independent judgment in carrying out their professional responsibilities. Finally, professions are regulated by ethical standards; often embodied in Codes of Ethics

14. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 14 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering “Professional” Summarized  Possesses specialized knowledge and skills  Belongs to, and abides by, the standards of a society  Serves an important aspect of the public good

15. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 15 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Oaths  The Precursor of Codes of Ethics  Usually Based on Gentlemanly Honor  First → Hippocratic Oath (400 BC) Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow Formed the basis of more recent medical Oaths  New York Oath (1807) An “UpDated” Version of the Hippocratic Version

16. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 16 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering New York (Medical) Oath “I do solemnly declare, that I will honestly, virtuously, and chastely conduct myself in the practice of physic and surgery, with the privileges of exercising which profession I am now to be invested; and that I will, with fidelity and honor, do everything in my power for the benefit of the sick committed to my charge.”

17. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 17 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Oaths are NOT Enough  Examine Professional Oaths: Language used is very Subjective First person singular often use –“I swear” –“I declare” –“I shall”  An oath is subject to personal interpretation  Oaths are too general to provide much guidance  Oaths are not suitable for large-scale scale professional institutions.

18. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 18 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Codes of Ethics  Thomas Percival (1740-1804) Published a code of medical ethics for physicians in 1794 The First code for professional ethics  The First code of ethics to be adopted by a Professional Organization - the American Medical Association (AMA)

19. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 19 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering of Ethics Codes of Ethics  Percival’s code of ethics was unlike oaths The Code Banished –The first person singular –Subjectivity –Idiosyncrasy  Replaced 1 st Person with the 2 nd and 3 rd person plural  Formulated standards of conduct with enumerated “duties”  Asserted the moral authority and independence of medical professionals

20. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 20 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Codes of Ethics  Modern Professions adopted codes ethics to: Promote Common Standards Minimize interpersonal strife that the emphasis on individual honor encourages Provide a Conduct-Structure that permits professionals to assert their independence of their nominal employers in the name of the Profession –i.e., Service to OTHERS takes precedence over service to the EMPLOYER

21. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 21 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Engineering Codes of Ethics  Two early engineering code of ethics 1912 – first engineering code of ethics adopted by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers - the AIEE (Later the IEEE) 1914 – a code of ethics for engineers adopted by the ASME  The Early Codes Said a great deal about protection of the client’s or employer’s interest business relationships the ownership of data  Had no general concern for the public safety, health, or welfare

22. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 22 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Engineering Code of Ethics  The evolution of the Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD – now ABET) code of ethics First version of the ECPD code produced in 1947 Emphasized concern for the public well-being being –“fidelity to the public” –Engineer’s “duty to interest himself in public welfare…apply his/her special knowledge for the benefit of mankind”  Lead to Drafting of Similar Codes

23. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 23 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Similarity to Other Professions  Focus on public safety and the safety of their patients and clients  Emphasize that one should only attempt to perform on that which is in the practitioner’s capability  Focus on special care and attention for their clients or patients  Keep up the level of competence in the Field  Emphasize the importance of professionalism  Denounce acts of deception or fraud  Emphasize importance of client/patience confidentiality

24. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 24 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Differences from Other Prof’s  The paramount duty of engineers is to: Safety, Health, and Welfare of the public  Physicians’ paramount duty is to the patient  Engineering ethics focuses on the way information is provided to the public  Physicians most help those in emergency situations  Engineering ethics focuses more on relationships between engineers

25. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 25 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Ethics Conclusion  Ethics in professional lives is not new - Ethics have been around for ages.  Today every Profession has code(s) by which their professionals must practice.  Engineers are no exception. So remember, A code of ethics isn’t something you post on a bulletin board - It’s something you live every day.

26. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 26 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Ethics is also GOOD BUSINESS  The Mayer Axiom of Ethics SLEAZE is NOT a Strategy for LONG TERM SUCESS

27. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 27 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering All Done for Today Ethical Pressures

28. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-20_Chp15_Ethics_History.ppt 28 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu Engineering 10 Appendix