1. Unit 3: Cultural Geography

2. Cultural geography is the study of the impact of human culture on the landscape. This includes aspects such as population, language, religion, politics, and economics. Cultural geography is the study of the impact of human culture on the landscape. This includes aspects such as population, language, religion, politics, and economics.

3. The Five Themes of Geography Location where something is Location where something is Place describes the physical & human Place describes the physical & human characteristics that make a location unique characteristics that make a location unique Regions areas that share common characteristics Regions areas that share common characteristics

4. Movement - explains how and why people, things, & ideas move and are related Movement - explains how and why people, things, & ideas move and are related Human-environment interaction - Human-environment interaction - describes the relationship between people and their environment

5. World Population Current world population is about 7 billion Current world population is about 7 billion About 30% of Earth’s land is inhabited About 30% of Earth’s land is inhabited Global population has more than doubled since 1800 Global population has more than doubled since 1800

6. Demographics Demography is the study of populations. Much data is utilized in studying demographics. Demography relies heavily on statistics to learn about population growth. Demography is the study of populations. Much data is utilized in studying demographics. Demography relies heavily on statistics to learn about population growth.

7. Population growth is determined by a number of factors: Population growth is determined by a number of factors: Birthrate - number of births per year for every 1,000 people Birthrate - number of births per year for every 1,000 people Death rate - number of deaths every year per 1,000 people Death rate - number of deaths every year per 1,000 people Natural increase - difference between an area’s birthrate and death rate; also called growth rate Natural increase - difference between an area’s birthrate and death rate; also called growth rate Migration - movement of people from place to place Migration - movement of people from place to place

8. Population Distribution Population density – Geographers determine how crowded a country or region is by measuring its population density—the number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land. Population density – Geographers determine how crowded a country or region is by measuring its population density—the number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land.

9. Global Population Distribution

12. Population movement – People move for a wide variety of reasons. Some people move from one city to another looking for different opportunities. Others move from crowded urban areas to suburbs in an effort to get away from adverse conditions. Many people move from rural areas to cities looking for greater economic opportunities. Population movement – People move for a wide variety of reasons. Some people move from one city to another looking for different opportunities. Others move from crowded urban areas to suburbs in an effort to get away from adverse conditions. Many people move from rural areas to cities looking for greater economic opportunities. The resulting growth of city populations is called urbanization.

13. Urban

14. Suburban

15. Rural

17. Culture Culture – the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs. Culture – the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs. Culture may be understood by looking at: Culture may be understood by looking at: Language Language Religion Religion Society Society History History Art Art Government/politics Government/politics Economy Economy

18. Language Language is a key element in a culture’s development. Through language, people communicate information and experiences and pass on cultural values and traditions Language is a key element in a culture’s development. Through language, people communicate information and experiences and pass on cultural values and traditions Within a culture there are language differences. Some people speak a dialect, or a local variation of language that differs from the main language. Within a culture there are language differences. Some people speak a dialect, or a local variation of language that differs from the main language.

19. Religion Religious beliefs vary significantly around the world, and struggles over religious differences can be a source of conflict. Religious beliefs vary significantly around the world, and struggles over religious differences can be a source of conflict. In many cultures, religion enables people to find a sense of identity. It also influences aspects of daily life, from the practice of moral values to the celebration of holidays and festivals. In many cultures, religion enables people to find a sense of identity. It also influences aspects of daily life, from the practice of moral values to the celebration of holidays and festivals.

20. Society A social system develops to help the members of a culture work together to meet basic needs. In all cultures, the family is the most important group. A social system develops to help the members of a culture work together to meet basic needs. In all cultures, the family is the most important group. Most cultures are also made up of social classes, groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education, or other criteria. Most cultures are also made up of social classes, groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education, or other criteria. An ethnic group is made up of people who share a common language, history, place of origin, or a combination of these elements. An ethnic group is made up of people who share a common language, history, place of origin, or a combination of these elements.

21. History A culture’s history can be long or short, violent or peaceful, of global importance or not. All cultural histories are rich in variety and complexity. A culture’s history can be long or short, violent or peaceful, of global importance or not. All cultural histories are rich in variety and complexity. Cultures use history to legitimize their positions on issues and to promote their own agendas. Cultural history can be the source of intense pride and heated debate. Cultures use history to legitimize their positions on issues and to promote their own agendas. Cultural history can be the source of intense pride and heated debate.

22. Art Art and architecture, decorative and functional, help define and represent a culture’s traditions and values. Art and architecture, decorative and functional, help define and represent a culture’s traditions and values. Items made by everyday people in order to meet their own needs are called folk art. These things are often decorative and functional. This regional vernacular art often reflects a culture’s heritage, values, and customs. Items made by everyday people in order to meet their own needs are called folk art. These things are often decorative and functional. This regional vernacular art often reflects a culture’s heritage, values, and customs.

23. Government Governments are organizations that are set up for a number of reasons. Most governments: Governments are organizations that are set up for a number of reasons. Most governments: Maintain order within a country Maintain order within a country Provide protection from outside dangers Provide protection from outside dangers Supply other services that help stabilize the country Supply other services that help stabilize the country

24. Governments are organized by levels of power: Governments are organized by levels of power: National National Regional Regional Local Local Governments are also organized by types of authority: Governments are also organized by types of authority: Single ruler Single ruler Small group of leaders Small group of leaders Citizens and their representatives Citizens and their representatives

25. Levels of Government Unitary system – all key powers are held by the national or central government Unitary system – all key powers are held by the national or central government Federal system – divides powers between national and state/provincial governments Federal system – divides powers between national and state/provincial governments Confederation – loose union of independent territories Confederation – loose union of independent territories

26. Types of Governments Autocracy – any system of government in which the power and authority to rule belong to a single individual Autocracy – any system of government in which the power and authority to rule belong to a single individual Monarchy – form of autocracy in which a king or queen exercises supreme power; though rare today, absolute monarchies were very common from 1400s-1700s Monarchy – form of autocracy in which a king or queen exercises supreme power; though rare today, absolute monarchies were very common from 1400s-1700s

27. Oligarchy – any system of government where a small group holds power; these most often come to power through wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these elements Oligarchy – any system of government where a small group holds power; these most often come to power through wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these elements Democracy – a system of government in which leaders rule with the consent of the citizens; democracy comes to us from ancient Greece: demos = people, kratia = rule; democracy first flourished in Greece around the 5 th century BC Democracy – a system of government in which leaders rule with the consent of the citizens; democracy comes to us from ancient Greece: demos = people, kratia = rule; democracy first flourished in Greece around the 5 th century BC

28. Republic – people are governed by their representatives; The earliest formal republican government was in Rome just before the time of Christ Republic – people are governed by their representatives; The earliest formal republican government was in Rome just before the time of Christ Our national form of government is a federal democratic republic.

29. Economy A culture’s economy can be defined as the way in which it utilizes its resources to meet human needs. Geographers study the ways in which people produce, obtain, use and sell goods and services. A culture’s economy can be defined as the way in which it utilizes its resources to meet human needs. Geographers study the ways in which people produce, obtain, use and sell goods and services. A culture’s economy may be based on industry, tourism, agriculture or other means. Most countries’ economies are varied and complex. A culture’s economy may be based on industry, tourism, agriculture or other means. Most countries’ economies are varied and complex.

30. Economic Systems Economic systems address four basic concerns: Economic systems address four basic concerns: What goods and services should be produced What goods and services should be produced How many goods and services should be produced How many goods and services should be produced How they should be produced How they should be produced Who gets the goods and services that are produced Who gets the goods and services that are produced

31. Types of Economic systems Traditional economy – habit and custom determine the rules for all economic activity; Traditional economies exist in very limited parts of the world. Traditional economy – habit and custom determine the rules for all economic activity; Traditional economies exist in very limited parts of the world.

32. Market economy – individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce; market economies are based on free enterprise, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or business and make a profit with only limited government interference. Market economy – individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce; market economies are based on free enterprise, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or business and make a profit with only limited government interference. This type of economic system is also called capitalism. This type of economic system is also called capitalism.

33. Command economy – the government owns or directs the means of production— land, labor, capital, and business managers—and controls the distribution of goods. Citizens have no voice in this type of economy. Command economy – the government owns or directs the means of production— land, labor, capital, and business managers—and controls the distribution of goods. Citizens have no voice in this type of economy. Socialism and communism are examples of command economies. Socialism and communism are examples of command economies.