1. Ancient civilizations:
Connecting the 8 themes of world history
Introduce the lesson

2. Review: 8 themes of history
Geography
Art & Leisure
Technology & Innovation
Religion & Philosophy
Communication
Trade & Economy
Government
Conflict & War
Just review and name off the 8 themes of world history

3. General learner outcomes
The goal of today’s lesson…
Linking & Connections
GLO #1 – Self-Directed Learner
GLO #3 – Complex Thinker
GLO #4 – Quality Producer
Emphasis the goal of today’s lesson  Linking & Connections!
GLO’s that will help us accomplish this goal today.
GLO #1 – Self-Directed Learner
The ability to be responsible for one’s own learning.
You need to be accountable for your own learning. This means taking your own notes and engaging the material
GLO #3 – Complex Thinker
The ability to demonstrate critical thinking and problem solving
We will address this GLO today by using our critical thinking skills to build connections between themes.
Use our critical thinking to understand common themes and occurrences across different ancient civilizations
Understanding cause and effect. How certain themes influence the outcomes of connected themes. Example Religion  Art

4. Note taking Take out your presentation note sheet
You already have this information!
Go through your notes and make the connections
Example: Ancient Egypt
Innovation & Technology Pyramids  Religion
Point out that this is not new material, all of the material has been presented by peers.
The lesson is using the research students presented and the purpose is to begin making connections between themes
You do not need to copy down all the notes but should pay attention because it is prep for the test.

5. GEOGRAPHY Physical geography  Mountains, Rivers, Deserts, etc.
Physical geography influences…
Religion
Innovation & Technology
Trade & Economy
Art & Leisure
etc…
Physical Geography (features)  mountains, rivers, deserts, etc.
Any other examples of physical geography that your civilization had to deal with? Swamps, flooding, etc.
Introduce the other themes physical geography influences…
Religion
Innovation & Technology
Trade & Economy
Art & Leisure
Much more…
ask students for additional responses for themes influenced by geography?

6. Geography: Hawaii Questions to ask:
Does the physical geography of Hawaii influence our trade and economy?
Purchasing goods online? How long does it take?
Is it easy to reach the mainland? What travel options do we have?
How does our physical geography influence our art and leisure?
What are some leisure activities people often associate with living in Hawaii
ex: going to the beach, surfing, fishing, etc.
How does our physical geography influence innovation and technology?
Climate? Does it impact our dress?
Just above the equator, less notable seasons, warmer weather (Leisure)

7. Geography: Hawaii How does geography influence our trade and economy?
Art & Leisure?
What are some activities people associate with living in Hawaii?
How does the physical geography of Hawaii influence innovation & technology?
Think of recent events…
Living in Hawaii due to our geographic location we are susceptible to unique natural occurrences such as tsunami’s
We have developed technology that helps protect us in such events
Buoys, sirens, news casts, etc.
Common trend across all civilizations…
People develop innovation and technologies to manipulate or better deal with the effects of nature.
Let’s look at some examples…

8. Geography: Incas Ancient Mayan City  Macchu Pichu (recently restored)
Andes mountain range  harsh conditions
1) Notice the terrace’s carved into the mountainside to allow for agriculture (potatoes, corn, etc.)

9. Geography  Innovation: Incas
Geography influences Trade & Economy and Innovation & Technology
Terrace farming (Human Modification)
Terrace farming:
Allows for agriculture on hillsides (imagine  giant staircase)
Controls soil erosion – slows the rate of surface water down the slope
Archaeologist continue to study ancient Incan agricultural practices today
Human modification (covered by Mr. O in Geography PPT)
Question: Why do humans seek to modify the natural environment?

10. Geography  Trade: Incas
Constructed bridges across mountain gorges
Impacted Trade & Economy
Ancient Incas used the fibers of the maguey plant and weaved the fibers to construct the bridges.
Relate to raffia fiber that you can get at a local craft store.
Incas used these bridges for trade (moving food & supplies) and troop movement (military)
Bridges were replaced roughly every two years
Attached to large rocks on each end

11. Geography  Religion: Greece
Mount Olympus
12 Greek Gods
12 Gods – Mount Olympus
Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Ares / Aris, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Hephaestus
Relate height to being closer to the gods… Remember Mayan pyramids were also built towards the sky.

12. Geography: Egypt – Nile River - Irrigation Art & Leisure
Trade & Economy
Mayans & Japan – Irrigation Systems
India – Himalayan Mt. Range, Ganges & Indus Rivers
Question: Could someone tell what irrigation is? Why is irrigation important?
Irrigation  the watering of land by artificial means to foster plant growth
^ example of how humans manipulated / altered the natural environment
Egypt & India used the available waterways to transport goods and built civilizations in close proximity to the water. Nile also served as a source for leisure and recreation.
Nile flooding provided rich soil  silt
Himalayas to the North of India, provided protection. Mt. Everest (highest mt.)

13. Egyptian irrigation
Example of Trade & Economy: allowed Egyptians to produce food and goods
Dug out small canals that allowed water to flow into agricultural fields
Humans innovating new technologies to manipulate the physical environment to meet their needs.

14. Religion  Government Aztec Empire Emperor also served as High Priest
Emperor’s offered blood as self-sacrifice
Egyptians
Pharaohs  living gods, led rituals and constructed temples / pyramids
High Priest
Incas, Mayans & India
Re-cap  already had the connection between geography & religion in Mt. Olympus
Religious beliefs played a major role in government and how rulers maintained power over people… would you challenge a ruler that you believed to be in contact with the gods?
Aztecs  Emperor and high ranking officials also served as priests (Per.3)
Emperors blood most valuable in terms of sacrifice
Egypt  Pharaohs – living gods (half man and half god) (half-bloods?), led rituals and constructed temples and pyramids in honor of gods.
Always dressed in ceremonial clothing
Recognized as high priest
Incas  Emperor was direct descendant of gods (Per.1)
India  Believed that king communicated with gods (Per.3)
Mayans  Kings and priests feared due to communication with gods (Per.3)

15. Religion  Tech. & Innov. Egypt  Pyramids
Housed the mummified bodies of Pharaohs
Wooden rollers to construct pyramids
Mayans  Pyramids
Built towards the sky
Calendar used to determine dates of sacrifice

16. Egyptian Pyramid Great Pyramid of Giza (Pharaoh Khufu)
Khufu’s pyramid largest of the 3 Pyramids of Giza
How tall? ~ feet
How many blocks of stone? ~ 2,300,000 limestone blocks
How much did a block weigh? ~ 2 ½ tons (1 ton ~ 2,000 lbs)
When was it built? ~ 2560 BCE
How many people built it? ~ thousands of slave laborers
Question: How did the Ancient Egyptians manage to build the pyramids?

17. Pyramid  Innov. & Tech. Hard labor, called for thousands of workers
Largely made of limestone blocks
Draw the wooden roller method on the white board to show students
Relate slave labor to Government and Pharaoh (ruler)

18. Religion  Art & Leisure
How does religion influence art? (Period 1 came up with)
Statues
Pottery
Paintings
Architecture
Rituals / Songs

19. Religion  Art & Leisure
What is the common denominator?

20. Religion  Art & Leisure
Common Denominator? Polytheism (multiple gods) & Animism (religion rooted in nature)

21. Religion  Art & Leisure
The Great Buddha of Kamakura, Japan

22. Religion  Art & Leisure
Chinese Buddha in Honghe

23. Religion  Art & Leisure
Buddha from region recognized as modern day Nepal
Why does the image of Buddha change across different cultures / civilizations?
Topic you will tackle next semester… introducing the term now.
Cultural diffusion  term used to describe the spread of cultural ideas and beliefs from the core (origin).
Direct diffusion  occurs when cultures are close together, constant contact.
Forced diffusion  occurs when one culture defeats another culture.

24. Egyptians  Hieroglyphics Mayans  Hieroglyphics Inca  Pictographs
Art  Communication
Egyptians  Hieroglyphics
Mayans  Hieroglyphics
Inca  Pictographs
Japan  Calligraphy
Hieroglyphics same as pictographs
Define pictogram / pictographs  conveys meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object
Define ideograms / ideographs  graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept

25. Egyptian Hieroglyphics
2nd picture  Hieroglyphics on Karnak Temple (shows gods)
Animals  owl, hawks, snakes (cobra), scarab beetles

26. Japanese Calligraphy
Influenced by Chinese writing arrived in japan 6th century.

27. Art  Conflict & War Pharaoh on chariot found in tombs
King Tutankhamen – Pharaohs commonly shown on chariots slaying wild game or enemy soldiers

28. Conflict & War  Innov. & Tech.
Greece
Chariots, Trojan Horse, Ballista
Japan
Katana (samurai sword), Yari (spear)
Mayans
Mayan Club
Definition for innovation  The introduction of something new  a new idea, method, or device…
Trojan War ~ 1200 BCE
Greeks created the Trojan Horse (hallow) filled with soldiers.
Odysseus and soldiers hid in the horse, fleet sailed away.
At night, after the Trojans partied and drank, Greek warriors slipped out and slaughtered the Trojans.

29. Greek ballista
Ballista’s served to launch large projectiles… think an extremely large bow & arrow.
Siege weapon to attack fortified locations

30. Worksheet: linking the themes
Fill out name, period and date
Read the example
List your Ancient Civilization
Link the theme you presented with a connecting theme (Theme 2)
Read and complete the assignment
Select another Ancient Civilization
From that civilization select two themes
Link Theme 3 to Theme 4