1. What is a facultative anaerobe?
Essential Questions
What is a facultative anaerobe?
What are the two types of virus reproduction?
What are two types of archeabacteria?

2. Warm Up What are three parts of a cell?
Where did Darwin do all his studies?
Complete the following cross RrxRr

3. Warm up What are the four nucleotides of DNA?
What did Mendel study in his experiments? (Genetics)?
What is the difference between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell, give an example of each.

4. Warm UP Where can bacteria be found?
Is it prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Why?

5. Warm up
What do bacteria make when conditions are not favorable for reproduction.
What can be used to kill bacteria? Viruses?
What are two differences between bacteria and viruses?

6. Warm up What is a obligate anaerobe?
What are the two different groups of bacteria?
What does bacteria’s DNA look like?

7. Warm up What are two ways bacteria can reproduce? What is a endospore?
What are two things we use bacteria for?

8. Warm Up What are three problems tobacco can cause?
What dosage of nicotine can kill you?
How many people die of second hand smoke in america?

9. Warm up What are two patterns of growth? What are two shapes?
What gram stain is purple?

10. Warm up What is a prokaryotic organism? What is a bacteria?
What are two parts of a bacteria?
(Use book pg. 288)

11. Need Books Warm Up What are two examples of archeabacteria?
Name three parts of a bacteria.
Where do halophiles live?
Need Books

12. Essential Questions
What are three parts of bacteria?
What is one way they reproduce?
What is one way they benefit us?

13. Bacteria and Viruses

14. Bacteria

15. Vocabulary Prokaryotes Eubacteria Archeabacteria Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermacidophiles

16. Bacteria Prokaryotes Smallest and most common microorganism
Lack a nucleus

17. Classifying Prokaryotes
Until recently all prokaryotes were placed in the kingdom – Monera
2 different groups:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

18. Eubacteria Some are heterotrophs
Live anywhere except the extreme environments
Some are parasites
Some are saprophytes
Some are autotrophs
Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae

19. Archaebacteria Live in extremely harsh environments
3 major types based on where they live
Methanogens
Lives in oxygen-free environments and produce methane gas
Found in digestive tract of cows, and in sewage plants
Thermacidophiles
Lives in areas of hot acidic water with sulfur
Found in cracks deep in the ocean at volcanic vents
Extreme Halophiles
Lives only in water with high concentrations of salt
Found in the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea

20. What are the three main types of archeabacteria?
Essential Questions
What are the three main types of archeabacteria?
What does prokaryotic mean?
What category did all bacteria use to fall under?

21. Vocabulary
Shape of bacteria
Gram staining
Patterns of growth

22. Structure of bacteria Prokaryotic cells that have small ribosomes
Genes are located on a single circular chromosome
Contain a cell wall

24. Identification Prokaryotes
Shape of bacteria
Circular, rod-shaped, spiral shaped
Gram staining
A chemical that stains certain cell walls based on its chemical composition
Bacteria that are gram positive will stain purple and gram negative are pink
Helps scientist know what antibiotic to use.
Patterns of growth
(diplo-) paired, (staphylo-) resemble grapes, and (strepto-) chain

25. Shapes of Bacteria Top right: Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci)
Bottom left: Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla)
Bottom right: Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)

26. Patterns of Growth Top right: diplo- Bottom left: staphlo-
Bottom right: strepto-

27. Vocabulary
Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes

28. Adaptations in bacteria
Obligate aerobes
Bacteria that require oxygen
Example – Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
Obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that are killed by oxygen
Example – Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
Facultative anaerobes
Do not require oxygen but are not killed in the presence of oxygen
Example – E. coli

29. Essential Questions
What is the flagellum used for?
Why are bacteria in the domain prokaryote?
What does it mean to be anaerobic?

30. Vocabulary
Binary fission
Conjugation
Endospores

31. Reproduction of bacteria
Binary fission
The bacteria copy its DNA and grow and split into two cells
Conjugation
Is when one bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome into another cell through or on a structure called a pili

32. Endospores Produced by bacteria when conditions are unfavorable
Carries the DNA and a little cytoplasm in a tough outer covering
Do not reproduce
When conditions improve the endospore germinates and produces a bacterial cell

33. Important bacteria
Decompose organic materials and returning these materials to the environment
Used to make some foods
yogurt, Swiss cheese, and pickles
Some produce antibiotics that we use medically to fight off other types of infectious bacteria

34. What are two ways in which bacteria reproduce? What is a endospore?
Essential questions
What are two ways in which bacteria reproduce?
What is a endospore?
What are antibiotics?

35. Warm up What is a bacteriaphage? What are two parts of a virus?
Are viruses alive? Why?

36. Viruses

37. Vocabulary
Virus
Capsid
Bacteriophages
Viral Structure

38. What is a virus? Virus is from the Latin word “poison”
A non-living infectious particle
Do not exhibit all the criteria for life
Do not respirate, grow, or develop
A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

39. Host cell - the cell that a virus infects and uses to replicate
Viruses infect only certain types of cells
Capsid – an outer coat of protein
Enable a virus to enter a host cell
Bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria

40. Viral Structure Core of the virus contains the DNA or RNA
Specific proteins on the coat determine the type of cells a virus can infect
To infect a cell the virus must be able to bind to the outside of the cell
Contain a specific attachment protein

42. Need Books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Essential questions What is a capsid?
What is a virus called that infects bacteria?
What are three criteria for life?
Need Books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

43. Vocabulary
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle

44. Viral Infection 2 major types Lytic infection Lysogenic infection
In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, make copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst.
Lysogenic infection
In a lysogenic infection, a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA.

45. Lytic Cycle (steps) http://student.ccbcmd.edu/immt/PLP/lyticCycle/
Attachment of virus to the cell membrane
Injection of viral DNA or RNA into the cell
Virus forces the cell to make new viral DNA and viral proteins
The new viruses are assembled and fill the cell
The cell becomes so full it ruptures, releasing new viruses

47. Lysogenic cycle (steps)
Attachment of the virus to the cell membrane
Injection of the viral DNA or RNA into the cell
Viral DNA becomes integrated into the host cell’s chromosomes (now call prophage)
Each time the cell replicates, it also passes along a copy of the provirus
At some point there is a signal to enter the lytic cycle
The provirus leaves the host chromosome and starts the lytic cycle
Virus that cause herpes simplex I and II, hepatitis B, chicken pox virus, and HIV all use the lysogenic cycle
Herpes simplex I causes cold sores and herpes simplex II is the STD

49. Essential questions What are the two types of reproduction in viruses?
What happens during the lytic cycle?
Give an example of a virus that goes through the lysogenic cycle.

50. Vocabulary
Retroviruses

51. Retroviruses Retrovirus Has RNA at its core
It injects the RNA along with an enzyme into the host cell
The enzyme reads the RNA and makes complementary DNA
The double stranded DNA that is formed becomes a provirus and integrates into the host DNA

52. Viruses and Living Cells
Viruses must infect a living cell in order to grow and reproduce
Viruses are considered a parasite

53. Warm up What are three parts of a virus?
How is the lysogenic cycle different than the lytic?
What virus contains RNA instead of DNA?

54. Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses

55. Bacterial Disease in Humans
Pathogens – a disease-causing agent
About half of human diseases are caused by bacteria
Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways.
Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food.
Other bacteria release toxins that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host.

56. Preventing Bacterial Diseases
Vaccine
A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
Stimulates the body’s immune system to produce an immunity to the disease
Immunity – the body’s ability to destroy new pathogens
Antibiotics
Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Penicillin interfere with the bacteria’s ability to build cell walls

57. Warm Up What is a pathogen? How does bacteria produce diseases?
Give an example of a bacteria disease.

58. Warm Up What is used to treat bacteria? Viruses?
What are two parts of a virus?
What are two differences between a bacteria and virus?

59. Disease Transmission Symptoms Treatment Strep throat Inhale or ingest
Fever, sore throat, swollen neck glands
Antibiotic
Tuberculosis
Inhale
Fatigue,fever, night sweats, cough, weight loss, chest pain
Lyme disease
Bite of infected insect
Rash at site of bite, chills, body aches, joint swelling
Dental cavities
Bacteria in mouth
Destruction of tooth enamel, tooth ache
Remove and fill the infected area of tooth
Cholera
Drinking contaminated water
Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration
Replace body fluids, antibiotics
Tetanus
Puncture wound
Stiff jaw, muscle spasms, paralysis
Open and clean wound, antibiotic, give antitoxin

60. Controlling Bacteria
There are various methods used to control bacterial growth, including sterilization, disinfectants, and food processing.

61. Viral Disease in Humans
Like bacteria, viruses produce disease by disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium.
Named after the disease they cause, or the organism they infect
Adenovirus infects the adenoids
(common cold)

62. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
Disease
Effect on Body
Transmission
Common cold
Sneezing, sore throat, fever, headache, muscle aches
Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation
Influenza
Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, dry cough, fatigue
Smallpox
High fever, fatigue, head and back aches, rash
AIDS
Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune system function, are destroyed
Contact w/ infected blood or bodily fluids; pregnant women to babies during birth or breastfeeding
Chickenpox
Fever and weakness, red, itchy rash
Contact with rash; droplet inhalation
Measles
High fever, sore throat, cough, rash, sneezing, swollen eyelids, white spots on cheek lining
Droplet inhalation
Hepatitis A
Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, fever
Hunan wastes, contaminated water and food
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, joint pain
Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids
West Nile
Fever, headache, body ache
Bite from an infected mosquito

63. Types of viruses Tumor virus Plant viruses
Convert or transform normal cells into cancer cells
Examples are:
papillomavirus (causes warts)
hepatitis B
Plant viruses
Can change the color of the flowers of plants such as tulips, gladioli and pansies
First virus identified was the tobacco mosaic virus