1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 5 The Skeletal System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures  Fracture—break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Repair of Bone Fractures  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage)‏ Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 1 Hematoma Hematoma formation

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 2 Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage)‏ Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 3 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage)‏ Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 4 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage)‏ Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body  Divided into three parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull  Formed by Two sets of bones  Cranium – encloses & protects the brain  Facial bones – hold eyes in anterior position & allows facial muscles to show expressions  All but 1 bone of the skull are joined by sutures (interlocking, immovable joints)  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint  Skull Handout

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Lateral View Figure 5.7

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. L. m. n.o. p. q. r. s. t. Coronal suture Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Lambdoid suture Squamous Suture Occipital Bone Zygomatic process External Acoustic Meatus Mastoid Process Styloid process Mandibular ramus Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone u. Zygomatic bone maxilla Alveolar margins mandible Mental foramen

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones and Markings of the Skull (Use Book– Copy Definitions/Descriptions  External Acoustic Meatus  Styloid Process  Zygomatic Process  Mastoid Process  Jugular Foramen  Internal Acoustic Meatus  Carotid Canal  Occipital Bone  Lamboid Suture  Foramen Magnum  Sphenoid Bone  Sella Turcica  Optic Canal  Superior Orbital Fissure  Sphenoidal Sinuses  Ethmoid Bone  Maxillary Bones  Palatine Processes  Paranasal Sinuses  Zygomatic Bones  Lacrimal Bones  Nasal Bones  Vomer Bone  Mandible  Hyoid  Fontanels

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Composed of 8 large Flat Bones  Frontal  Ethmoid  Right & Left Temporal  Sphenoid  Right & Left Parietal  Occipital

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  4 Major Sutures  Sagittal – two parietal bones  Coronal – parietals meet frontal bone  Squamous – temporal meets parietal  Lambdoid – occipital meets parietal

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium (4 Lobes)  Frontal Bone – forms the forehead  superior part of each eye’s orbit  Parietal Bone  (paired bone)  Meet in the midline of the skull @ the sagittal suture  Form the coronal suture; where they meet the frontal bone

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Temporal Bone – (lie inferior to the parietal bone)  Join parietal bones @ squamous sutures 5 important Bone Markings 1.External Acoustic Meatus – canal from eardrum to the middle ear (sound 2.Styloid Process – attachment point for many neck muscles 3.Zygomatic Process – Thin bridge of bone that joins w/ zygomatic bone (anteriorly) 4.Mastoid Process – (air cavities) sinuses: attachment of neck muscles

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium 5. Jugular Foramen – junction of the occipital & temporal bones -- allows passage of the jugular vein (largest vein in head); drains the brain -- carotid canal – (is anterior to jugular foramen) houses carotid artery which supplies blood to most of brain

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Occipital Bone – posterior bone of cranium (back of head)  Joins parietal bones anteriorly @ lamboid suture  Home of “foramen magnum” (large hole) – allows spinal chord to connect to the brain

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Anterior View Figure 5.11

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Bones  14 bones compose the face  12 are paired  Mandible & vomer are single  Maxillary bones – fuse to form the upper jaw  All facial bones except mandible join these  Main bones of the face “keystone bones”  Mandible  Lower jaw  Largest & strongest bone of face  Palatine Bones – form posterior part of the hard plate

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Bones  Zygomatic Bones  “cheekbones”  Form portion of the lateral walls, orbits, eye sockets  Lacrimal Bone  Fingernail size bones  Groove which serves as passageway for tears  Nasal Bone – form bridge of nose  Vomer Bone – (plow)  Forms the bony nasal septum

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Functions of paranasal sinuses  Lighten the skull  Give resonance and amplification to voice

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10a

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10b

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone  Serves as a moveable base for the tongue  Aids in swallowing and speech

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone Figure 5.12