1. The groundwater source as a hygienic barrier Dr. Sylvi Gaut, NGU GroPro, September 2008

2. Present a method to evaluate to what extent drinking water sources in Norway can act as a hygienic barrier towards pathogenic microorganisms Focus on crystalline bedrock aquifers

3. Drinking water sources in Norway Data from VREG (National Waterworks Register) 2005 Amount of persons supplied Lakes 82 % Streams 8 % Sea water 0 % Groundwater 10 % Amount of waterworks (> 50 persons/20 households) Groundwater 38 % Sea water 0 % Streams 24 % Lakes 38 %

4. Norwegian Drinking Water Regulations Two separate hygienic barriers –the barrier shall remove, inactivate or kill the organisms –natural or manmade –normally one hygienic barrier is established in the drinking water source B. O. Hilmo, Asplan Viak www.zoologi.no Contaminant Ill: Based on figure from J. Czichos: "What's so funny about microbiology"

5. Focus on preventing contamination Low population density Access to large areas with no domestic animals, farmland or industry  choose drinking water sources with good natural water quality

6. The drinking water source as a hygienic barrier Questions? –to what extent is the drinking water source a hygienic barrier towards pathogenic microorganisms –which conditions must be met in order to have such a barrier Picture: Steinar Grønnesby, Trondheim kommune

7. The drinking water source as a hygienic barrier Project initiated by Norwegian Water to answer these questions –surface water as the main drinking water source –groundwater sources investigated by NGU Method based on: –the Scottish method for risk assessment of Cryptosporidium –a model for evaluating the barrier efficiency required through water treatment for Norwegian waterworks [The drinking water source as a hygienic barrier]

8. Criteria to evaluate the drinking water source as a hygienic barrier 1.Historical water quality (microbiological) 2.The source (well construction, location and recharge area) 3.Monitoring of the raw-water quality and contingency plans 4.The size of the waterwork

9. The method Criteria 1-3 are divided into subgroups Scoring system is used to evaluate the barrier effect for each subgroup –0 is no barrier –10 is a full barrier

10. Suggested score for factors related to the subgroup Well design CriterionScore 2.1 Sealing between well casing and bedrock. Sealing between well casing and bedrock and/or no visible leakage of water into the well. 10 Sealing or lack of water leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock are not demonstrated, but the super- ficial deposits are fine grained and more than 5 m thick. 5 Leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock is suspected or observed. 0 2.2 Length of well casing. The well casing is drilled ≥ 2 m into solid bedrock.5 The well casing is drilled < 2 m into solid bedrock.0 The well casing is ≥ 5.5 m long.5 The well casing is < 5.5 m long.0 2.3 Well casing above ground level (a.g.l.). Top of well casing is ≥ 40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight.10 Top of well casing is 20-40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight5 Top of well casing is < 20 cm a.g.l.0 Top of well casing has no cap or the cap is not tight.-5 Total score = (criterion 2.1 + criterion 2.2 + criterion 2.3)/3

11. Criterion 1 - Historical water quality Describes the microbiological quality through time –representative for the raw-water throughout the year –sample interval minimum once a month for 2 years –sampling directly from (or close to) production well –sample from each production well Divided into two groups –E. coli –parasites (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) Challange –E. coli is analysed, parasites are not

12. Criterion 2 The groundwater source What are the important factors influencing the microbiological water quality? –crystalline bedrock aquifers Four groups –the superficial deposits –land use –well design –wellhead completion Picture: B. Frengstad, NGU

13. Thickness of the superficial deposits Should be ≥ 2.5 m thick If not, water treatment or disinfection is necessary a)b)

14. The groundwater source Main groupsSubgroups Superficial deposits Is the thickness more or less than 2.5 m? Land use. Farmland (incl. grazing animals), septic tanks, sewage infiltration systems, sewers. Is the distance from the well more or less than 100 m? Rivers/streams flowing on bare rock. Is the distance from the well more or less than 100 m? Wildlife including birds. Protection zones. Well design.Well casing. Wellhead completion. Well-house or concrete well-protection (manhole). Fencing. Well location and drainage.

15. The groundwater source Main groupsSubgroups Superficial deposits Is the thickness more or less than 2.5 m? Land use. Farmland (incl. grazing animals), septic tanks, sewage infiltration systems, sewers. Is the distance from the well more or less than 100 m? Rivers/streams flowing on bare rock. Is the distance from the well more or less than 100 m? Wildlife including birds. Protection zones. Well design.Well casing. Wellhead completion. Well-house or concrete well-protection (manhole). Fencing. Well location and drainage.

16. Well design – focused on well casing CriterionScore 2.1 Sealing between well casing and bedrock. Sealing between well casing and bedrock at the bottom of the well casing and/or no visible leakage of water into the well. 10 Sealing or lack of water leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock are not demonstrated, but the super- ficial deposits are fine grained and more than 5 m thick. 5 Leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock is suspected or observed. 0 2.2 Length of well casing. The well casing is drilled ≥ 2 m into solid bedrock.5 The well casing is drilled < 2 m into solid bedrock.0 The well casing is ≥ 6 m long.5 The well casing is < 6 m long.0 2.3 Well casing above ground level (a.g.l.). Top of well casing is ≥ 40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight.10 Top of well casing is 20-40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight5 Top of well casing is < 20 cm a.g.l.0 Top of well casing has no cap or the cap is not tight.-5

17. Leakage between well casing and bedrock Bottom of well casing Water Raising main

18. Well design – focused on well casing CriterionScore 2.1 Sealing between well casing and bedrock. Sealing between well casing and bedrock at the bottom of the well casing and/or no visible leakage of water into the well. 10 Sealing or lack of water leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock are not demonstrated, but the super- ficial deposits are fine grained and more than 5 m thick. 5 Leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock is suspected or observed. 0 2.2 Length of well casing. The well casing is drilled ≥ 2 m into solid bedrock.5 The well casing is drilled < 2 m into solid bedrock.0 The well casing is ≥ 6 m long.5 The well casing is < 6 m long.0 2.3 Well casing above ground level (a.g.l.). Top of well casing is ≥ 40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight.10 Top of well casing is 20-40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight5 Top of well casing is < 20 cm a.g.l.0 Top of well casing has no cap or the cap is not tight.-5

19. Well design – focused on well casing CriterionScore 2.1 Sealing between well casing and bedrock. Sealing between well casing and bedrock at the bottom of the well casing and/or no visible leakage of water into the well. 10 Sealing or lack of water leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock are not demonstrated, but the super- ficial deposits are fine grained and more than 5 m thick. 5 Leakage between bottom of well casing and bedrock is suspected or observed. 0 2.2 Length of well casing. The well casing is drilled ≥ 2 m into solid bedrock.5 The well casing is drilled < 2 m into solid bedrock.0 The well casing is ≥ 6 m long.5 The well casing is < 6 m long.0 2.3 Well casing above ground level (a.g.l.). Top of well casing is ≥ 40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight.10 Top of well casing is 20-40 cm a.g.l. Cap is tight5 Top of well casing is < 20 cm a.g.l.0 Top of well casing has no cap or the cap is not tight.-5

20. The groundwater source Main groupsSubgroups Superficial deposits Is the thickness more or less than 2.5 m? Land use. Farmland (incl. grazing animals), septic tanks, sewage infiltration systems, sewers. Is the distance from the well more or less than 100 m? Rivers/streams flowing on bare rock. Is the distance from the well more or less than 100 m? Wildlife including birds. Protection zones. Well design.Well casing. Wellhead completion. Well-house or concrete well-protection (manhole). Fencing. Well location and drainage.

21. Wellhead completion

22. Criterion 3: Monitoring of the raw-water quality and contingency plans Regular sampling intervals –once a month Variations in certain physio- chemical parameters can indicate contamination –colour, turbidity and iron –for single wells –changes in concentrations both up and down

23. Criterion 3: Monitoring of the raw-water and contingency plans Criterion (group) 3.1 Measurement of physio- chemical parameters. For example turbidity and colour. Are the measurement done automatically or manually? Is there an alarm? 3.2 Measurements of microbiological parameters. E.coli and parasites. Sampling interval. 3.3 Inspections. Well site and recharge area. 3.4 Contingency plans. Disinfection/increased disinfection. Use of reserve water source. Closure of well or waterwork.

24. Criterion 4: Size of the waterwork Implemented as a risk parameter Criterion 4 = 1/log 10 (number of persons supplied) Illustrate that contamination is more serious for a large waterwork than for a small

25. Estimation of total barrier effect Total barrier effect = (C1*C2*C3*C4)/100 Values ≥ 1: –the groundwater source can act as a hygienic barrier Lillehammer waterwork. A. Gaut, Sweco

26. Estimation of total barrier effect Values < 1: –actions must be taken to improve the protection of the groundwater source or –a barrier must be added through water treatment or disinfection If improvements are effectuated, microbiological water quality must be monitored for a new two year period

27. Conclusions Four criteria is suggested to evaluate to what extent a groundwater source is sufficiently protected and thereby can act a hygienic barrier. 1)Historical water quality 2)The groundwater source 3)Monitoring and contingency plans 4)The size of the waterwork The method is still under development. Subgroups and scores suggested for each criterion are preliminary.

28. Thank you!