2. Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Module 39: Beyond the Major Disorders

3. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood Disorders Disturbances in emotional feelings strong enough to intrude on everyday life Major depression is a severe form of depression that may last months or years in which the person experiences characteristic symptoms Worthless feelings Loneliness Crying Sleep disturbance Suicide

4. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood Disorders Bipolar disorder Condition in which a person sequentially experiences periods of mania and depression –Mania Extended state of intense, wild elation

5. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Causes of Mood Disorders Psychoanalytic –Feelings of loss –Anger turned inward Heredity Learned helplessness Evolutionary theory –Depression is an adaptive response to goals that are unattainable

6. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia Class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs –Decline from a previous level of functioning –Disturbances of thought and language –Delusions –Perceptual disorders –Emotional disturbances –Withdrawal

7. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia Process schizophrenia –Symptoms develop relatively early in life, slowly and subtly Reactive schizophrenia –Onset of symptoms is sudden and conspicuous Positive-symptom schizophrenia Negative-symptom schizophrenia

8. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia: Causes Biological –Heredity –Dopamine hypothesis Schizophrenia occurs when there is excess activity in those areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter Environmental perspectives –Expressed emotion Interaction style characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional intrusiveness by family members Cognitive perspective –Overattention –Underattention

9. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia

10. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Personality Disorders Disorders characterized by inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that do not permit the person to function appropriately as members of society Narcissistic personality disorder –Exaggerated sense of self-importance Antisocial personality disorder (sociopath) –Characterized by no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others Borderline personality disorder –Characterized by their difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they are

11. MODULE 39 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity