1. Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition Chapter 3 Transmission Basics and Networking Media

2. Objectives Explain basic data transmission concepts, including full duplexing, attenuation, latency, and noise Describe the physical characteristics of coaxial cable, STP, UTP, and fiber-optic media Compare the benefits and limitations of different networking media Explain the principles behind and uses for serial connector cables Identify wiring standards and the best practices for cabling buildings and work areas Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

3. Transmission Basics Transmit –Issue signals along network medium Transmission –Process of transmitting –Signal progress after transmitted (My NIC transmitted a message and transmission took 10 sec to reach the server due to slow network) Transceiver –Transmit and receive signals –NIC is a transceiver Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

4. Analog and Digital Signaling Important data transmission characteristic –I) Signaling type: analog or digital Volt –Electrical current pressure Electrical signal strength –Directly proportional to voltage –Signal voltage Signals –Current, light pulses, electromagnetic waves Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

5. Analog data signals –Voltage varies continuously –Properties Amplitude, frequency, wavelength, phase Figure 3-1: An example of an analog signal Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

6. Analog and Digital Signaling (cont’d.) Amplitude –Analog wave’s strength Frequency –Number of times amplitude cycles over fixed time period –Measure in hertz (Hz) Wavelength –Distance between corresponding wave cycle points –Inversely proportional to frequency –Expressed in meters or feet Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

7. Phase –Wave’s progress over time in relationship to fixed point Figure 3-2: Waves with a 90-degree phase difference Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

8. Analog and Digital Signaling (cont’d.) Analog signal benefit over digital –More variable Convey greater subtleties with less energy Drawback of analog signals –Varied and imprecise voltage Susceptible to transmission flaws (noise) Digital signals –Pulses of voltages Positive voltage represents a 1 Zero voltage represents a 0 Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

9. Binary system –1s and 0s represent information Bit (binary digit) –Possible values: 1 or 0 –Digital signal pulse Figure 3-3 An example of a digital signal Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

10. Byte –Eight bits together Computers read and write information –Using bits and bytes Find decimal value of a bit –Multiply the 1 or 0 by 2 x (x equals bit’s position) Figure 3-4 Components of a byte Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

11. Analog and Digital Signaling (cont’d.) Convert byte to decimal number –Determine value represented by each bit –Add values Convert decimal number to a byte –Reverse the process Convert between binary and decimal –By hand or calculator Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

12. Binary to Decimal conversion Binary numbers are sometimes written prefixed with 0b 0b0001 = 0*8 + 0*4 + 0*2 + 1*1 = 1 0b1010 = 1*8 + 0*4 + 1*2 + 0*1 = 10 0b1011 = 1*8 + 0*4 + 1*2 + 1*1 = 11 Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

13. Decimal to Binary 14 = 8+4+2 = 1*8 + 1*4 + 1*2 + 0*1 = 0b1110 3 = 2+1 = 0*8 + 0*4 + 1*2 + 1*1 = 0b0011 6 = 4+2 = 0*8 + 1*4 + 1*2 + 0*1 = 0b0110 Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

14. Larger Values 128= 1*128 + 0*64 + 0*32 +0*16 +0*8 +0*4 + 0*2 +0*1 128 = 0b10000000 162= 128 + 32 + 2 162= 1*128 + 0*64 + 1*32 +0*16 +0*8 +0*4 + 1*2 +0*1 162 = 0b10100010 0b1111000 = 1*128 + 1*64 + 1*32 +1*16 +0*8 +0*4 + 0*2 +0*1 0 = 128 + 64 + 32 +16 = 240 Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

15. Analog and Digital Signaling (cont’d.) Digital signal benefit over analog signal –More reliable –Less severe noise interference Digital signal drawback –Many pulses required to transmit same information Overhead –Nondata information Required for proper signal routing and interpretation Such as addressing information Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

16. Data Modulation Important data transmission characteristic –II) Data modulation Technology used to modify analog signals to make it suitable for carrying data over communication path Why ? –Data relies on digital transmission but network connection (telephone lines used to connect with ISP) may handle only analog signals –Need to make signals conform to a specific pathway –Issue multiple signals to the same communication channel with no interference Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

17. Data Modulation (cont’d.) Modem –Accomplishes translation Converts digital to analog at the transmitting end Converts analog to digital at the receiving end –Modulator/demodulator Carrier wave –Combined with another analog signal (Information wave) to produce unique signal  transmitted from one node to another –Preset properties (amplitude, frequency and phase) –Purpose Convey information (messenger) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

18. Data Modulation (cont’d.) Information wave (data wave) –Added to carrier wave –Modifies one carrier wave property (amplitude, frequency or phase) Frequency modulation (FM) –Carrier frequency modified By application of data signal Amplitude modulation (AM) –Carrier signal amplitude modified By application of data signal Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

19. AM and FM Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

20. Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Duplex Important data transmission characteristic –III) Signal Direction : direction in which the signals travel over the media Simplex –Signal transmission: one direction –Like broadcast TV Half-duplex transmission –Signal transmission: both directions but one at a time –One communication channel that maybe shared for multiple nodes to exchange information –Like walkie-talkie Full-duplex (bidirectional) –Signals transmission: both directions simultaneously –Like telephone and on data networks –Multiple channels on the same medium Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

21. Channel –Distinct communication path between nodes –Separated physically (wires) or logically (multiplexing) Full duplex advantage –Increases speed Many network devices (modems & NICs) allow specifying half duplex or duplex Figure 3-6 Simplex, half-duplex, and full duplex transmission Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

22. Multiplexing Important data transmission characteristic –IV) Multiplexing Technique that allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium Takes place by logically separate the channel into subchannels –Subchannels Logical multiple smaller channels –Multiplexing Devices: Multiplexer (mux): A device that combines many channel signals at the transmission end Demultiplexer (demux): A device that separates combined signals and regenerates them at the receiving end Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

23. Multiplexing Types: –TDM (time division multiplexing) Divides channel into multiple time intervals (slots) and assigns a separate time slot for each node on the network to carry data from that node. Inefficient when some nodes rarely send data Figure 3-7 Time division multiplexing Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

24. –Statistical multiplexing Transmitter assigns slots to node according to priority, need depending on the network More efficient than TDM  maximize available bandwidth Figure 3-8 Statistical multiplexing Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

25. FDM (frequency division multiplexing) –Unique frequency band for each communications subchannel –Signals modulated with different carrier frequencies, then multiplexed to simultaneously travel over a single channel –FDM implemented signals of above 3400 Hz –Two types Cellular telephone transmission DSL Internet access Figure 3-9 Frequency division multiplexing Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

26. WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) –One fiber-optic connection –Carries multiple light signals simultaneously  20 millions DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) –Used on most modern fiber-optic networks –Extraordinary capacity Figure 3-10 Wavelength division multiplexing Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

27. Important data transmission characteristics –V) Relationships between nodes 1.Point-to-point transmission: one transmitter and one receiver 2.Point-to-multipoint transmission: one transmitter and multiple receivers i.Broadcast transmission One transmitter and multiple, undefined receivers Used on wired and wireless networks –Simple and quick TV station ii.Nonbroadcast One transmitter and multiple, defined receivers Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

28. Relationships Between Nodes (cont’d.) Figure 3-11 Point-to-point versus broadcast transmission Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

29. Important data transmission characteristics –V) Throughput Measures amount of data transmitted during given time period Capacity or bandwidth (technically different) Quantity of bits transmitted per second (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps) –VI) Bandwidth (strict definition) Measures difference between highest and lowest frequencies that medium can transmit Range of frequencies Measured in hertz (Hz) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

30. Throughput Table 3-1 Throughput measures Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

31. Baseband and Broadband Baseband transmission –Transmission form in which digital signals sent through direct current (DC) pulses applied to wire –Requires exclusive use of wire’s capacity Transmit one signal (channel) at a time One node transmit at a time –Example: Ethernet –Supports half-duplex mainly (nodes can send/receive on same wire but one at a time) Broadband transmission –Transmission form in which signals modulated radiofrequency (RF) analog waves Uses different frequency ranges –Does not encode information as digital pulses –Example: TV cable –More expensive and longer Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

32. Transmission Flaws 1.Noise –Any undesirable influence degrading or distorting signal, measured in decibels(dB) Types of noise –EMI (electromagnetic interference) Waves emanate from electrical devices or cables carrying electricity. EMI/RFI (radiofrequency interference) –Cross talk When a signal traveling on one wire or cable infringes on the signal traveling on adjacent wire or cable NEXT (near end cross talk) Potential cause: improper termination (damage wire insulation, untwisted wire) –Environmental influences Heat Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

33. Transmission Flaws (cont’d.) Figure 3-12 Cross talk between wires in a cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

34. Transmission Flaws (cont’d.) 2.Attenuation –Loss of signal’s strength as it travels away from source Signal boosting technology –Analog signals pass through amplifier (device increases voltage of a signal) Noise also amplified –Regeneration Digital signals retransmitted in original form Repeater: device regenerating digital signals –Amplifiers and repeaters OSI model Physical layer Extend length of network Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

35. Transmission Flaws (cont’d.) 3.Latency –Delay between signal transmission and receipt Causes –Cable length –Intervening connectivity device RTT (round trip time) –Time for packet to go from sender to receiver, then back from receiver to sender –Measured in milliseconds May cause network transmission errors Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

36. Common Media Characteristics Selecting transmission media –Match networking needs with media characteristics Physical media characteristics –Throughput –Cost –Size and scalability –Connectors –Noise immunity Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

37. Throughput Most significant transmission method factor Measures amount of data transmitted during given time period Causes of limitations –Laws of physics (not faster than light) –Signaling and multiplexing techniques –Noise (more time and resources to compensate for noise) –Devices connected to transmission medium Fiber-optic cables allows faster throughput –Compared to copper or wireless connections Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

38. Cost Precise costs difficult to pinpoint Media cost dependencies –Existing hardware, network size, labor costs Variables influencing final cost –Installation cost –New infrastructure cost versus reuse –Maintenance and support costs –Cost of lower transmission rate affecting productivity –Cost of obsolescence Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

39. Noise Immunity Noise distorts data signals –Distortion rate dependent upon transmission media Fiber-optic: least susceptible to noise  it does not use electric current, but light waves, to conduct signals Limit impact on network –Cable installation Far away from powerful electromagnetic forces –Select media protecting signal from noise (cables ) –Antinoise algorithms (pipelines) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

40. Size and Scalability Three specifications –Maximum nodes per segment –Maximum segment length –Maximum network length Depends on physical characteristics of wires and electrical characteristics of data transmission Maximum nodes per segment dependency –Attenuation and latency Maximum segment length dependency –Attenuation and latency plus segment type –Maximum distance a signal can travel and still be interpreted accurately Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

41. Size and Scalability (cont’d.) Segment types –Populated: contains end nodes –Unpopulated(Link segment): No end nodes (routers) Segment length limitation –After certain distance, signal loses strength Cannot be accurately interpreted –Maximum network length dependency Attenuation and latency plus segment type Sum of the network’s segment length Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

42. Connectors and Media Converters Connectors –Hardware connecting wire to network device –Specific to particular media type –Affect costs Installing and maintaining network Ease of adding new segments or nodes Technical expertise required to maintain network Media converter –Hardware enabling networks or segments running on different media to interconnect and exchange signals Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

43. Connectors and Media Converters (cont’d.) Figure 3-15 Copper wire-to-fiber media converter Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

44. Coaxial Cable Foundation for Ethernet network Central metal core (often copper) –Surrounded by insulator, braided metal shielding (braiding or shield) and an outer cover (sheath or jacket) Figure 3-16 Coaxial cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

45. Coaxial Cable Central metal core –Carries electromagnetic signal Insulator –Plastic material such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or Teflon to protect the core from the metal shield (avoid short circuit) Braided metal shielding: –Shield (noise) and ground for signal Sheath or jacket: –Made of PVC or fire-resistance plastic –Protects against physical damage Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

46. Coaxial Cable (cont’d.) High noise resistance Advantage over twisted pair cabling –Carry signals farther before amplifier required Disadvantage over twisted pair cabling –More expensive  more raw manufacture materials Hundreds of specifications –RG (Radio Guide) specification number –Differences: shielding and conducting cores Transmission characteristics(impedance, attenuation, throuhput) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

47. Coaxial Cable (cont’d.) Conducting core –American Wire Gauge (AWG) size –Larger AWG  smaller diameter Data networks usage –RG-6: Used in modern cable TV connections, most common –RG-8: Thicknet--obsolete –RG-58: Thinnet—also obsolete for data networks –RG-59: Used for short spans in modern cable TV connections Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

48. Coaxial Cable (cont’d.) Connectors F-type BNC Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

49. Coaxial Cable (cont’d.) Figure 3-17 F-type connector Figure 3-18 BNC Connector Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

50. Twisted Pair Cable Most common today Color-coded insulated copper wire pairs –0.4 to 0.8 mm diameter –Every two wires twisted around each other –All pairs encased in a plastic sheath –Pair numbers depend on the cable type Figure 3-19 Twisted pair cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

51. Twisted Pair Cable (cont’d.) Twist ratio –Number of twists per meter or foot High twist ratio –Greater attenuation (longer cable) –More resistance to cross talk –Higher-quality –More expensive Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

52. Twisted Pair Cable (cont’d.) Different designs  environments & purposes –Dependencies Twist ratio, number of wire pairs, copper grade, shielding type, shielding materials –1 to 4200 wire pairs possible Wiring standard specification –TIA/EIA 568 Twisted pair wiring types –Cat (category) 3, 4, 5, 5e, 6, and 6e, Cat 7 –CAT 5 most often used in modern LANs Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

53. Twisted Pair Cable (cont’d.) Advantages –Relatively inexpensive –Flexible –Easy installation –Spans significant distance before requiring repeater (not as far as coax) –Accommodates several different topologies (star & star-hybrid –Handles current faster networking transmission rates Two categories –STP (shielded twisted pair) –UTP (unshielded twisted pair) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

54. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Individually insulated Surrounded by metallic substance shielding (foil) –Barrier to external electromagnetic forces –Contains electrical energy of signals inside –May be grounded to enhance its protective effects –Effectiveness of the shield depends on: noise level and type, thickness and material type, symmetry and consistency and grounding mechanism Figure 3-20 STP cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

55. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) One or more insulated wire pairs –Encased in plastic sheath –No additional shielding Less expensive, less noise resistance Figure 3-21 UTP cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

56. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) (cont’d.) EIA/TIA standards –Cat 3 (Category 3):up to 10 Mbps –Cat 4 (Category 4):up to 16 Mbps –Cat 5 (Category 5):up to 1000 Mbps –Cat 5e (Enhanced Category 5): higher twist ratio –Cat 6 (Category 6): six times the throughput of Cat 5 –Cat 6e (Enhanced Category 6) –Cat 7 (Category 7): signal rate up to 1G Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

57. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) (cont’d.) Figure 3-22 A Cat 5 UTP cable with pairs untwisted Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

58. Comparing STP and UTP Throughput –STP and UTP transmit the same rates depending on the cabling grade and transmission method (10Mbps- 10Gbps) Cost –STP and UTP vary depending on the copper grade, category rating and any enhancement –Typically STP is more expensive (more material, grounding) Noise immunity –STP more noise resistant because of the shield –UTP subject to techniques to offset noise (filtering & balancing) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

59. Comparing STP and UTP (cont’d.) Size and scalability –STP and UTP maximum segment length 100 meters (1024 nodes) Connector –STP and UTP use RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) –Telephone connections use RJ-11 (Registered Jack 11) Figure 3-23 RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

60. Terminating Twisted Pair Cable Patch cable –Relatively short cable (3-25 ft.) –Connectors at both ends Proper cable termination techniques –Basic requirement for two nodes to communicate Poor terminations –Lead to loss or noise  signal error TIA/EIA standards for inserting connectors (RJ-45) –TIA/EIA 568A –TIA/EIA 568B Functionally similar One type of standard for every RJ-45 plugs and jacks on the network Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

61. Figure 3-24 TIA/EIA 568A standard terminations Figure 3-25 TIA/EIA 568B standard terminations Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

62. Straight-through cable –Terminate RJ-45 plugs at both ends identically –Workstation-hub or router Crossover cable –Transmit and receive wires on one end reversed –Workstation-workstation or hub-hub –Pairs 2 & 3 are reversed (receive and send data) Figure 3-26 RJ-45 terminations on a crossover cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

63. Terminating Twisted Pair Cable (cont’d.) Termination tools –Wire cutter –Wire stripper –Crimping tool Figure 3-27 Wire cutter Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

64. Terminating Twisted Pair Cable (cont’d.) Figure 3-28 Wire stripper Figure 3-29 Crimping tool After making cables –Verify data transmit and receive Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

65. Fiber-Optic Cable Fiber-optic cable (fiber) –One (or several) glass or plastic fibers at its center (core) Data transmission –Pulsing light sent from laser (1 and 10Gb technology) or LED (light-emitting diode) through central fibers Cladding –Layer of glass or plastic surrounding fibers –Different density from glass or plastic in strands –Reflects light back to core Allows fiber to bend Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

66. Fiber-Optic Cable (cont’d.) Plastic buffer –Outside cladding –Protects cladding and core –Opaque Absorbs any escaping light Kevlar strands (polymeric fiber) surround plastic buffer Plastic sheath covers Kevlar strands Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

67. Different varieties –Based on intended use and manufacturer Two categories –Single-mode –Multimode Figure 3-30 A fiber-optic cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

68. SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) Uses narrow core (< 10 microns in diameter) –Laser generated light travels over one path Little reflection –Light does not disperse Accommodates –Highest bandwidths, longest distances –Connects carrier’s two facilities Costs prohibit typical LANs, WANs use Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

69. Figure 3-31 Transmission over single-mode fiber-optic cable SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) (cont’d.) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

70. MMF (Multimode Fiber) Uses core with larger diameter than single-mode fiber –Common size: 62.5 microns Laser or LED generated light pulses travel at different angles Common uses –Cables connecting router to a switch –Cables connecting server on network backbone Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

71. MMF (Multimode Fiber) (cont’d.) Figure 3-32 Transmission over multimode fiber-optic cable Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

72. MMF (Multimode Fiber) (cont’d.) Benefits –Extremely high throughput –Very high resistance to noise –Excellent security –Ability to carry signals for much longer distances before requiring repeaters than copper cable –Industry standard for high-speed networking Drawback –More expensive than twisted pair cable –Requires special equipment to splice –Difficult repair Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

73. MMF (Multimode Fiber) (cont’d.) Characteristics of Fibers Throughput –Reliable transmission rates Can reach 100 gigabits (or 100,000 megabits) per second per channel (but only for singlemode, not multimode) Cost –Most expensive transmission medium, NICs, hubs and labors Connectors –ST (straight tip) –SC (subscriber connector or standard connector) –LC (local connector) –MT-RJ (mechanical transfer registered jack) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

74. MMF (Multimode Fiber) (cont’d.) Noise immunity –Unaffected by EMI Size and scalability –Segment lengths vary 150 to 40,000 meters Due primarily to optical loss Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

75. Figure 3-36 MT-RJ (mechanical transfer- register jack) connector Figure 3-35 LC (local connector) Figure 3-33 ST (straight tip) connector Figure 3-34 SC (subscriber connector or standard connector) Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

76. DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment) Connector Cables DTE (data terminal equipment) –Any end-user device DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment) –Device that processes signals –Supplies synchronization clock signal Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

77. DTE and DCE Connector Cables (cont’d.) DTE and DCE connections –Serial Pulses flow along single transmission line Sequentially –Serial cable Carries serial transmissions Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

78. DTE and DCE Connector Cables (cont’d.) Figure 3-37 DB-9 connector Figure 3-38 DB-25 connector Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

79. DTE and DCE Connector Cables (cont’d.) RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) –EIA/TIA standard –Physical layer specification Signal voltage, timing, compatible interface characteristics –Connector types RJ-45 connectors, DB-9 connectors, DB-25 connectors RS-232 used between PC and router today RS-232 connections –Straight-through, crossover, rollover Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

80. Structured Cabling Cable plant –Hardware making up enterprise-wide cabling system Standard –TIA/EIA joint 568 Commercial Building Wiring Standard Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

81. Figure 3-39 TIA/EIA structured cabling in an enterprise Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

82. Figure 3-40 TIA/EIA structured cabling in a building Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

83. Structured Cabling (cont’d.) Components –Entrance facilities –MDF (main distribution frame) –Cross-connect facilities –IDF (intermediate distribution frame) –Backbone wiring –Telecommunications closet –Horizontal wiring –Work area Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

84. Figure 3-41 Patch panel Figure 3-42 Patch panel Figure 3-43 Horizontal wiring Figure 3-44 A standard TIA/EIA outlet Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

85. Structured Cabling (cont’d.) Table 3-2 TIA/EIA specifications for backbone cabling Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

86. Figure 3-45 A typical UTP cabling installation Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan

87. Best Practices for Cable Installation and Management Choosing correct cabling –Follow manufacturers’ installation guidelines –Follow TIA/EIA standards Network problems –Often traced to poor cable installation techniques Installation tips to prevent Physical layer failures Notes on Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition modified by Dr. Feda AlShahwan