1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

2. Human Anatomy

4. The Skull 22 bones joined together by sutures
Cranial bones surround cranial cavity
8 bones
Facial bones support teeth & form nasal cavity & orbit
14 bones

7. Neurocranium Viscerocranium The skull is divided into two parts:
Neurocranium- which forms a protective case or “vault” around the brain
Viscerocranium- which forms the anterior part of the skull including the orbits, nasal cavities and upper/lower jaw bones
Viscerocranium

8. Parietal
coronal suture
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid

9. Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla Inferior Nasal Conchae Mandible Vomer

10. Skull = Cranium + Mandible Facial skeleton (Viscerocranium) (14):
-Lacrimal (2)(اشکی)
-Nasal (2)(بينی)
-Maxillae (2)(فک بالا)
-Zygomatic (2)(گونه ای)
-Palatine (2)(کامی)
-Inferior nasal
conchae (2)(شاخک پايينی بينی)
-Mandible (1)(فک پايين)
-Vomer (1) (تيغه بينی)
Neurocranium (8):
-Frontal (پيشانی)
-Parietal(2)(آهيانه)
-Temporal (2)(گيجگاهی)
-Occipital(پس سری)
-Sphenoid(پروانه ای)
-Ethmoid(پرويزنی)
Calva, Calvarium
Cranium ~Neurocranium

11. Frontal Bone Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium
Forms roof of the orbit
Contains frontal sinus

12. Parietal Bone Forms cranial roof and part of its lateral walls
Bordered by 4 sutures
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamous
Marked by temporal lines of temporalis muscle
Temporal lines

13. Temporal Bone Forms lateral wall & part of floor of cranial cavity
squamous part
zygomatic process
mandibular fossa & TMJ
tympanic part
external auditory meatus
styloid process
mastoid part
mastoid process
mastoid notch
digastric muscle

14. Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone
Forms part of cranial floor
separates middle from posterior cranial fossa
Houses middle and inner ear cavities

15. Openings in Temporal Bone

17. Occipital Bone
Foramen magnum holds spinal cord
occipital condyles

18. Sphenoid = پروانه ای = شب پره ای
Dr Namavar

19. Sphenoid Bone Lesser wing Greater wing Body of sphenoid
Medial and lateral pterygoid processes

20. Sphenoid Bone Body of the sphenoid Lesser wing
sella turcica contains deep pit (hypophyseal fossa)
houses pituitary gland
Lesser wing
optic foramen contains optic nerve & ophthalmic a.

21. Sphenoid Bone
Sphenoid sinus

23. Ethmoid Bone Between the orbital cavities
Forms lateral walls and roof of nasal cavity
Cribriform plate & crista galli
Ethmoid air cells form ethmoid sinus
Perpendicular plate forms part of nasal septum
Concha or turbinates on lateral wall

25. Ethmoid Bone Superior & middle concha
Perpendicular plate of nasal septum

26. Maxillary Bones Forms upper jaw Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
alveolar processes are bony points between teeth
alveolar sockets hold teeth
Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
infraorbital foramen
Forms anterior 2/3’s of hard palate
incisive foramen
cleft palate

27. Locations of Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid
Maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone
Other bones containing sinuses are frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid.

28. Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
Slide 5.25b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. SINUSE

30. Palatine Bones L-shaped bone Posterior 1/3 of the hard palate
Part of lateral nasal wall
Part of the orbital floor

31. Zygomatic Bones
Forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall
Zygomatic arch is formed from zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

32. Lacrimal Bones Form part of medial wall of each orbit
Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac in life

33. Nasal Bones Forms bridge of nose and supports cartilages of nose
Often fractured by blow to the nose

34. Inferior Nasal Conchae
A separate bone

35. Vomer Inferior half of the nasal septum
Supports cartilage of nasal septum

36. Mandible Only bone of the skull that can move Holds the lower teeth
jaw joint formed between mandibular fossa of temporal bone & condyloid process
Holds the lower teeth
Attachment of muscles of mastication
temporalis muscle onto coronoid process
masseter muscle onto angle of mandible
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen

38. Bones Associated With the Skull
Auditory ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
Hyoid bone
suspended from styloid process of skull by stylohyoid muscle and ligament
greater & lesser cornua

39. Major Skull Cavities Cranial cavity holds brain
Orbit contains eyeball & extraocular muscles
Ethmoid sinus
Nasal cavity
Maxillary sinus
Oral cavity

40. Cranial Fossa 3 basins that comprise the cranial floor or base
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

41. The Skull in Infancy & Childhood
Spaces between unfused skull bones called fontanelles
filled with fibrous membrane
allow shifting of bones during birth & growth of brain in infancy
2 frontalle bones fuse by age six
metopic suture

42. Cranial Nerves I = Olfactory: بويايی II = Optic: بينايی
III = Oculomotor: محرکه چشم
IV = Trochlear: قرقره ای
V = Trigeminal: سه قلوOphthalmic,Maxillary, Mandibular
VI = Abducent: اشتياقی
VII = Facial: صورتی، چهره ای
VIII = Cochleovestibular: حلزونی-دهليزی، شنوايی-تعادلی
IX = Glossopharyngeal: زبانی-حلقی
X = Vagus: واگ، مبهم، ريوی-معدی
XI = Spinal accessory: فرعی نخاعی
XII = Hypoglossal: زيرزبانی