1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal System Composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments 20% of body mass Two major parts –Axial –Appendicular

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Axial Skeleton Consists of 80 bones Three major regions –Skull –Vertebral column –Thoracic cage

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. Anterior view Radius Rib Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Ulna Vertebra Humerus Sternum Scapula Clavicle Facial bones Cranium Fibula Tibia Patella Femur Metacarpals Phalanges Carpals

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Metacarpals Radius Rib Posterior view Fibula Tibia Femur Phalanges Carpals Ulna Vertebra Humerus Sternum Scapula Clavicle Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Upper limb Bones of pelvic girdle Lower limb Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skull Formed by two sets of bones 1.Cranial bones (cranium) Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skull 2.Facial bones –Framework of face –Cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell –Openings for air and food passage –Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Bones of cranium Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2b The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Superior view of the cranial fossae

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Geography Cranial cavity Middle and internal ear cavities Nasal cavity Orbits 85 named openings –Foramina, canals, fissures

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Cranial cavity Orbit Oral cavity Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Maxillary sinus Nasal cavity Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Eight Cranial Bones Frontal bone Parietal bones (2) Occipital bone Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal Bone Anterior portion of cranium Superior wall of orbits Contains air-filled frontal sinus

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer Sutural bone Sagittal suture Parietal bone Mandibular symphysis Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nuchal line Anterior view Posterior view Figure 7.4 Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: 1.Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone 2.Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones 3.Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone 4.Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Zygomatic process Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Coronoid process Mandibular angle External anatomy of the right side of the skull

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Zygomatic process Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Condylar process Mandibular angle Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic bone Coronoid process Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Photograph of right side of skull

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Nasal bone Crista galli Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Internal acoustic meatus External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Temporal bone Squamous suture Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Greater wing Lesser wing Palatine bone Vomer Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Mandibular foramen Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Incisive fossa Alveolar processes Mandible Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5d Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Petrous part of temporal bone External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica and sphenoidal sinus Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (c)

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital Bone Most of skull's posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa Articulates with 1st vertebra Sites of attachment for many neck and back muscles

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Sutural bone Sagittal suture Parietal bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nuchal line Occipital condyle External occipital crest Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Posterior view

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Zygomatic arch Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Styloid process Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line Hard palate Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Photo of inferior view of the skull

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Temporal Bones Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor Four major regions –Squamous –Tympanic –Mastoid –Petrous

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.8 The temporal bone. External acoustic meatus Squamous part Petrous part Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Tympanic part

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. Foramen ovale Cribriform plate Crista galli Lesser wing Greater wing View Ethmoid bone Anterior cranial fossa Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7b The base of the cranial cavity. Crista galli Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Anterior cranial fossa Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Jugular foramen Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sphenoid Bone Complex, bat-shaped bone Keystone bone –Articulates with all other cranial bones Three pairs of processes –Greater wings –Lesser wings –Pterygoid processes

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9a The sphenoid bone. Optic canal Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Superior view

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9b The sphenoid bone. Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process Body of sphenoid Greater wing Posterior view

31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid Bone Deepest skull bone Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities Contributes to medial wall of orbits Crista galli for dural attachment

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone. Crista galli Cribriform plate with cribriform foramina Left lateral mass Orbital plate Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha

33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Anterior view

34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. Foramen ovale Cribriform plate Crista galli Lesser wing Greater wing View Ethmoid bone Anterior cranial fossa Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal

35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sutural Bones Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures

36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Sutural bone Sagittal suture Parietal bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nuchal line Occipital condyle External occipital crest Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Posterior view

37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) Fourteen Facial Bones Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2)

38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandible Lower jaw Largest, strongest bone of face Temporomandibular joint –Only freely movable joint in skull

39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Temporomandibular joint Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Mental foramen Ramus of mandible Mandibular angle Body of mandible Mandible, right lateral view

40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Maxillary Bones Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton Keystone bones –Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible Contain maxillary sinuses –Largest of paranasal sinuses

41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Articulates withfrontal bone Frontal process Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Maxilla, right lateral view

42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Ethmoid bone Anterior view Mandibular symphysis

43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Zygomatic Bones Cheekbones Inferolateral margins of orbits

45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Ethmoid bone Anterior view Mandibular symphysis

46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones Nasal bones –Form bridge of nose Lacrimal bones –In medial walls of orbits –Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Zygomatic process Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Coronoid process Mandibular angle External anatomy of the right side of the skull

48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Vomer –Plow shaped –Inferior part of nasal septum Palatine Bones and Vomer Palatine bones –Posterior one-third of hard palate –Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity –Small part of the orbits

49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13b Bones of the nasal cavity. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Hard palate Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Frontal sinus Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Alveolar process of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

51. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior Nasal Conchae Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity Largest of three pairs of conchae

52. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Sphenoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Ethmoid bone Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) Maxillary bone (palatine process) Figure 7.13a Bones of the nasal cavity.

53. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Orbits Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands Sites of attachment for eye muscles Formed by parts of seven bones –Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid

54. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12a Bones that form the orbits. Photograph, right orbit

55. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12b Bones that form the orbits. Roof of orbit Supraorbital notch Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall Lateral wall of orbit Zygomatic process of frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Sphenoid body Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Frontal process of maxilla Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Orbital process of palatine bone Orbital surface of maxillary bone Zygomatic bone Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit Infraorbital groove Infraorbital foramen

56. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Cavity Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones –Ethmoid –Palatine bones –Maxillary bones –Inferior nasal conchae Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage –Perpendicular plate of ethmoid –Vomer –Anterior septal cartilage

57. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Sphenoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Ethmoid bone Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) Maxillary bone (palatine process) Figure 7.13a Bones of the nasal cavity.

58. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13b Bones of the nasal cavity. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Hard palate Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Frontal sinus Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Alveolar process of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

59. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Paranasal Sinuses Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Lighten skull Enhance resonance of voice Warm and humidify air Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

60. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14a Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior aspect

61. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Medial aspect Figure 7.14b Paranasal sinuses.

62. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyoid Bone Not bone of skull Does not articulate directly with another bone Movable base for tongue Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

63. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater horn Lesser horn Body Figure 7.15 The hyoid bone, anterior view.