1. Chapter 13 Atmosphere and Climate Change Mr. Manskopf Notes also available at http://www.manskopf.com

2. Statement: “It has been so hot this summer, must be that global warming”

3. Goals for Chapter 13 ► What is climate? ► What factors determine climate? ► What causes seasonal changes? ► What is the ozone layer and how is it being altered? ► Describe how human actions are changing the make up of the Earth’s atmosphere and what are the potential consequence of that.

4. Section 1: Climate and Seasons GOALS: ► Explain the difference between weather and climate. ► Identify four factors that determine climate. ► Explain why different parts of the Earth have different climates. ► Explain what causes seasons.

5. What is the weather like?

6. What is Camden’s climate like?

7. Camden’s Climate

8. Why is Camden’s climate the way it is?

9. Weather ► State of the atmosphere at any one time in a region ► What is today’s weather like? ► What was the weather like last summer? ► What was the weather on October 21st

10. Climate Climate: is the long- term average weather conditions in an area ► Seattle, Washington ► Phoenix, Arizona ► San Diego, Calif. ► Portland, Maine

13. What affects Climate?

14. Climate Factors 1) Latitude: the distance north or south from the equator impacts a regions climate ► What is 0 o, 90 o ? ► What is Camden’s latitude?

15. Latitude

16. Latitude Greenland at noon in the summer

17. Dominican Republic Winter Sun

18. Climate Factors 2) Atmospheric Circulation: the direction the wind comes from impacts climate ► Which way generally does wind blow across the U.S.?

19. Atmospheric Circulation Prevailing Winds: winds that blow predominantly in one direction ► Westerlies ► Trade Winds ► Polar Easterlies

20. Atmospheric Circulation

21. Climate Factors 3) Ocean Circulation Patterns: Oceans carry heat from the equator or cool waters from the poles ► Surface currents caused by winds

22. Ocean Currents

23. Climate Factors 4) Topography: the shape of the land influences climate greatly ► Mountains can impact temperature and precipitation patterns

24. Topography: Where do you think it snows the most in the U.S.?

25. Can it snow near the equator?

26. Topography

27. What are some differences you can see across the state?

29. What causes seasonal changes?

30. When do we get the most direct sunlight? Noon Sunlight

31. When do we get the most indirect sunlight? Noon sunlight

32. When is the daylight hours longest/shortest? December 21 st at 7 PM EST: WHY DOES IT LOOK LIKE THIS

33. What time of year is this? How do you know?

34. Seasons Seasons: caused by the fact that Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5 o.

36. Section 1 Review ► Explain the difference between weather and climate. ► Identify four factors that determine climate. ► Explain why different parts of the Earth have different climates. ► Explain what causes seasons.

38. Section 2 : The Ozone Shield GOALS: ► Explain how the ozone layer shields the Earth from harmful radiation. ► Describe how CFCs are damaging the ozone layer. ► What are impacts for a thinner ozone layer.

39. Why is the atmosphere important?

40. Ozone Layer Ozone Layer: ► An area of the stratosphere with high concentrations of ozone gas ► Acts like a sun screen blocking out UV rays ► Ozone = O 3 ► Good ozone vs. Bad Ozone

43. Ozone Depletion Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ► Man-made chemical ► “Miracle Chemical” ► Damages the ozone layer ► Takes a LONG time to get to ozone layer and destroys many ozone molecules

45. CFCs ► Used for decades ► Each CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules over decades

47. Ozone Hole Antarctic Ozone Levels

48. Impacts of Thinning Ozone Layer ► Damage to skin cells (including skin cancers) ► Damage to eyes ► UV Light damages DNA ► Kills phytoplankton (single-celled organisms) which are the base of most ocean food chains ► UV light damages crops

50. Wide Ranging Impacts

51. Protecting the Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol: international agreement in 1987 to phase out CFC usage ► Second conference in 1992 in Copenhagen ► WHY WILL IT STILL BE A PROBLEM FOR MANY MORE DECADES?

53. Section 2 Review ► Explain how the ozone layer shields the Earth from harmful radiation. ► Describe how CFCs are damaging the ozone layer. ► What are impacts for a thinner ozone layer. ► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMo gIdr8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMo gIdr8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMo gIdr8

55. Section 3 : Global Warming GOALS: ► Explain how the greenhouse effect works ► Describe why carbon dioxide is important in the atmosphere, but why scientists find it troubling that levels are rising ► Analyze what a warmer world might look like ► DO NOT CONFUSE OZONE DEPLETION WITH GLOBAL WARMING!!!

56. Has Earth’s Climate Always Been Like Today’s? ► How is it possible that you can find shark teeth 20 miles from the beach in NJ? ► How is it possible that you find fossils of Palm Trees in parts of Canada? ► Today, global average temp = 59 o F

57. Has Earth’s Climate Always Been Like Today’s? Over past 4.7 billion years climate has changed by ► Volcanic eruptions ► Changes in solar output ► Continents moving ► Meteorites ► Natural variations in CO 2 Some changes slow, some quickly

59. Why does a greenhouse stay warm in the winter? Why does the inside of the car heat up quickly on a sunny day?

60. Greenhouse Effect ► Naturally occurring process in the atmosphere where gases trap in heat. ► Like a blanket covering planet ► Known about for over a century ► Without it Earth would be COLD

61. Greenhouse Gases ► Major greenhouse gases include ► Carbon Dioxide ► Water Vapor ► Methane ► CFCs ► All act to trap in heat

62. Greenhouse Effect

63. We know from the past that CO 2 levels tied closely to temperature

66. Measuring CO 2 Since 1958 in Mauna Loa Hawaii What does this data show? What trends does it show? Why does it go up and down each year?

67. Chemist Charles Keeling’s CO2 measurements Why measure here? CO 2 rates rising quickly 1764 --- 276 ppm 1995 --- 360 ppm 2010 --- 390 ppm

68. Rising CO2 Levels ► Never 390 ppm in last 420,000 years (possibly 20 million) ► Continue to rise rapidly ► Most CO 2 in atmosphere is coming from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas ► WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR THE FUTURE?

70. Where is the CO 2 Coming From? 42% Coal powerplants 24% transportation 20% industrial processes 14% residential and commercial usages Exhale, drive, turn on light, burn log in fire 1 gallon of gas burned equals 20 pounds of CO 2

71. Where is the CO 2 Coming From? 4.6% of the world’s population, yet 24% of emissions of CO 2 From just U.S. coal burning exceeds 146 other nations with 3/4 th of world population Per capita yearly 500 tons

72. What do these graphs tell you?

73. What do higher CO 2 levels mean for our future climate?

74. It’s All About Carbon ► http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p hp?storyId=9943298 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p hp?storyId=9943298 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p hp?storyId=9943298

75. Global Warming Earth’s global average temperature continues to rise due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

78. How Can You Predict The Future? ► Very Complex Computer Models ► Those models are saying… It is likely that the world will warm 1.4 o C to 5.8 o C (2.5 o F to 10.4 o F) between 2000 and 2100

80. Why Care? I would like a warmer winter, and I Love Beach Weather

81. WHY CARE? It’s not like I can do anything. Plus, I Love my car. Some potential benefits of global warming

82. Consequences of a Warmer Earth 1) A Grand Experiment With Potentially Major Changes 2) Melting Ice = Higher Seas 3) Change in Weather Patterns 4) Human Health Problems 5) Agriculture Changes 6) Effects to plants and animals

84. Maple Trees in VT and NH have been producing less and less maple syrup over last few decades.

85. Many major cities in the world are below, near or just above sea level.

86. Florida after sea level rise of 5 meters

88. Reducing Risks

91. International Agreements ► What make Global Warming a difficult issue for political leaders to deal with? 1) Complex Issue 2) Consequences in Future 3) Need behavior changes 4) International 5) Wealth Companies

92. International Agreements ► Why are international agreements needed? ► What makes them hard to negotiate? ► What differences exist between the developed and developing countries?

93. Kyoto Protocol ► 1997 International Treaty accepted by 160 countries to limit CO2 pollution ► 1990 levels by 2012 ► U.S. did not ratify ► New treaties trying to negotiate