1. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 1 Lecture 1 – Psyco 350, B1 Winter, 2011 N. R. Brown

2. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 2 Outline Introduction –Memory Defined –Memory in Context A very little bit of history Information Processing & the Modal Model

3. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 3 Memory as Everything -- I “Memory is perhaps the most central aspect of human thought. Any question about human behavior, cognition, development, and nature requires an understanding of memory. Our memory makes us who we are, and it is one of the most intimate parts of ourselves… Many feel that the study of human memory is the closest on can get to a systematic study of the human soul.” -- Radvansky, p. 1

4. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 4 Memory as Everything -- II " we owe to memory almost all that we have or are;... our ideas and conceptions are its work, and... our everyday perceptions, thoughts and movement is derived from this source. Memory collects the countless phenomena of our existence into a single whole..." "every waking moment is full of memories. Every thought, every learned response, every act of recognition is based on memory. It can be reasonably be argued that memory is the mind.“ -- Gray

5. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 5 Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration

6. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 6 Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration (read &) store 1 st #: (read &) store 2 nd #: Retrieve-execute: retrieve top ones digit: retrieve bottom ones digit: retrieve addition fact: store ones sum: retrieve-execute: –retrieve top tens digit: –retrieve addition fact: –store new top tens digit: retrieve top tens digit retrieve bottom tens digit: retrieve addition fact: store tens sum Retrieve, combine sums State answer:

7. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 7 Memory is Everything 1.Name all of Canada’s provincial and territorial capitals. 2.How many of Canada’s provincial and territorial capitals have you visited? 3.Recall the addition problem we just solved.

8. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 8 Memory – Dictionary Definitions mem·o·ry 1.The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience. 2.The act or an instance of remembering; recollection: spent the afternoon lost in memory. 3.All that a person can remember: It hasn't happened in my memory. 4.Something remembered: pleasant childhood memories. 5.The fact of being remembered; remembrance: dedicated to their parents' memory. 6.The period of time covered by the remembrance or recollection of a person or group of persons: within the memory of humankind. 7.Biology. Persistent modification of behavior resulting from an animal's experience. 8.Computer Science. a.A unit of a computer that preserves data for retrieval. b.Capacity for storing information: two gigabytes of memory. 9.Statistics. The set of past events affecting a given event in a stochastic process. 10.The capacity of a material, such as plastic or metal, to return to a previous shape after deformation. 11.Immunology. The ability of the immune system to respond faster and more powerfully to subsequent exposure to an antigen. -- American Heritage Dictionary

9. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 9 Memory – A Dictionary Definition mem·o·ry 1.The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience. 2.The act or an instance of remembering; recollection: spent the afternoon lost in memory. 3.All that a person can remember: It hasn't happened in my memory. 4.Something remembered: pleasant childhood memories. 5.The fact of being remembered; remembrance: dedicated to their parents' memory. 6.The period of time covered by the remembrance or recollection of a person or group of persons: within the memory of humankind. 7.Biology. Persistent modification of behavior resulting from an animal's experience. 8.Computer Science. a.A unit of a computer that preserves data for retrieval. b.Capacity for storing information: two gigabytes of memory. 9.Statistics. The set of past events affecting a given event in a stochastic process. 10.The capacity of a material, such as plastic or metal, to return to a previous shape after deformation. 11.Immunology. The ability of the immune system to respond faster and more powerfully to subsequent exposure to an antigen. -- American Heritage Dictionary

10. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 10 Memory Definitions -- Psychologists “First, memory is the location, where information is kept…a memory store Second, memory can refer to the thing that holds the content of experience… a memory trace Third, memory is the mental process used to acquire (learn), store, and retrieve (remember) information of all sorts.” -- Radvansky, p.1

11. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 11 Memory Definitions -- Psychologists "Memory is.. an individual's entire store of information and the set of processes that allow the individual to recall and use that information when need." -- Gray “Mental capacity to store and later recognize and recall events that were previously experienced.” -- Zimbardo “Memory does not comprise a single entity, but rather consists of a range of different systems that have in common the capacity for storing information.” – Baddeley

12. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 12 Memory Definition – Some Basic Points Memory as “container” Memory as “contents” Memory as “process” –encoding: create contents (i.e. memory traces) from experience –storage: rehearse, organize/modify contents –retrieval: accesses content Contents reflect prior experience

13. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 13 Memory in Context: Who cares about memory research & why In Psychology -- (all of them): Outside of Psychology:

14. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 14 A Very Little Bit of History

15. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 15 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) Father of Memory Research Memory stripped of meaning Inventor of the nonsense syllable (DAX, FOZ, KIR) Discoverer of: –Learning curve –Forgetting function

16. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 16 Fredrick Bartlett (1850-1909) Impact of prior knowledge and meaning on memory. Most important ideas: –reconstruction –schemata

17. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 17 Verbal Learning Emerged from Behaviorism Focus: –relationship between external variables and human memory performance –forgetting and theories of forgetting Approach: –Rigorously conducted, list learning (often paired associate) experiments

18. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 18 Historical Precedence Ebbinghaus Behaviorism Bartlett Verbal Learning Information Processing Cog Psych Contemporary Memory Research

19. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 19 And Now … Cognitive Research Memory Research

20. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 20 Information Processing  Core metaphor: human mind as serial computer To understand/describe computer behavior, specify: –hardware –software –available data

21. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 21 Information Processing To understand/describe human behavior, specify: –the cognitive architecture (hardware) identify components & their general function: characterize components in terms of: –capacity –speed –accuracy –a cognitive task analysis (software & data)

22. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 22 Information Processing Cognitive Task Analysis (software & data): What are the mental operations required to perform a task? How are the operations sequenced? What information is involved in task? How is the information accessed? How is it represented? How is it altered during the processing?

23. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 23 A Simple Computer Architecture Input devices/registers Active memory and processing Inactive (but accessible) memory

24. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 24 Modal Model of Memory The standard model of memory Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Four components –Sensory registers –Short-term memory –Long-term memory –Control processes

25. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 25 Modal Model of Memory

26. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 26

27. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 27

28. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 28

29. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 29 Modal Model: Component Functions 1. Sensory stores : function: buffers sensory input for selection and identification 2. Short-term Memory function: temporal storage during processing 3. Long-term Memory function: store declarative & procedural knowledge declarative -- knowing that procedural -- knowing how 4. Attention function: Selection and transfer from sensory stores Maintenance of information in STM Selection and scheduling of tasks

30. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 30 Multiple (Long-term) Memory Systems Long-term memory involves several sub- components Different memory systems for different types of information

31. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 31 Multiple Memory Systems Memory –Declarative Memory (explicit memory) Semantic memory –“permanent,” decontextualized knowledge Episodic memory –“forgettable” event memories –Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory) Procedural memory Classical conditioning Priming

32. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 32 Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration (read &) store 1 st #:[84] blue = WM (read &) store 2 nd #:[57] Retrieve-execute:[2-digit addition strategy] red = procedural retrieve top ones digit:[4] memory retrieve bottom ones digit:[7] retrieve addition fact:[4+7=11] green = semantic store ones sum:[1] memory retrieve-execute:[carry operation] –retrieve top tens digit:[8] –retrieve addition fact:[8+1=9] –store new top tens digit:[9] retrieve top tens digit[9] retrieve bottom tens digit:[5] retrieve addition fact:[9+5=14] store tens sum[14_] Retrieve, combine sums[14; 1  141] State answer:“141”

33. Psyco 350 Lec #1 – Slide 33 Memory is Everything 1.Name all of Canada’s provincial and territorial capitals. 2.How many of Canada’s provincial and territorial capitals have you visited? 3.Recall the addition problem we just solved.