1. Lost In the Mall by Elizabeth Loftus Tucker Bryant & Ellis Schirmer

2. Theory & Hypothesis  The act of imagining false events led to the creation of false memories. Confabulations can be created through suggestions.  The act of imagining false events led to the creation of false memories. Confabulations can be created through suggestions.

3. Research design & procedure  Asked 24 individuals, ranging from 18 to 53, to try to remember childhood events that had been recounted by a relative.  Prepared a booklet for each participant containing one- paragraph stories about three events that had actually happened to them, and one that had not.  Reconstructed the false event using information about a shopping trip provided by relatives, who verified that participant had in fact been lost at about the age of five.  The lost-in-mall scenario included: lost for a time period, crying, aid and comfort by an elderly woman, and reunion with family.  Asked 24 individuals, ranging from 18 to 53, to try to remember childhood events that had been recounted by a relative.  Prepared a booklet for each participant containing one- paragraph stories about three events that had actually happened to them, and one that had not.  Reconstructed the false event using information about a shopping trip provided by relatives, who verified that participant had in fact been lost at about the age of five.  The lost-in-mall scenario included: lost for a time period, crying, aid and comfort by an elderly woman, and reunion with family.

4. The results  25% of the participants remembered the fictious event. ( 6 out of 24)  The study provides evidence that people can be led to remember their past in different ways, and they can even be coaxed into “remembering” entire events that never happened.  25% of the participants remembered the fictious event. ( 6 out of 24)  The study provides evidence that people can be led to remember their past in different ways, and they can even be coaxed into “remembering” entire events that never happened.

5. Ethical issues  Participant manipulation  Potential for clinical misuse  Nadean Cool Had memories planted by psychiatrist  Undisclosed aim  Participant manipulation  Potential for clinical misuse  Nadean Cool Had memories planted by psychiatrist  Undisclosed aim

6. Ecological Validity  Lab experiment =slightly impaired  No risk of demand characteristics  Focus on cognition leaves little room for ecological application  Lab experiment =slightly impaired  No risk of demand characteristics  Focus on cognition leaves little room for ecological application

7. Evaluation PRO  Well-controlled  Replicable  Demonstrates cause & effect relationship  Supports hypothesis  Serves as evidence to further conclusions  Permits objectivity and unbiased observations  Uses a wide sample of ages  Good use of operationalization prevents observer bias PRO  Well-controlled  Replicable  Demonstrates cause & effect relationship  Supports hypothesis  Serves as evidence to further conclusions  Permits objectivity and unbiased observations  Uses a wide sample of ages  Good use of operationalization prevents observer bias CON  Social facilitation  Extraneous variables; personality  Ethical issues with potential application  Has been used to draw certain wild conclusions  May be situation-specific  Survey may be biased by the way questions are asked  Possible sampling bias

8. Could this study be done today?  Replication of exact study is feasible  Many replications and variations performed to date  Most studies demonstrate similar conclusions/evidence  Certain variations pose potential ethical breaches  Experiment is fairly recent – 1991  Replication of exact study is feasible  Many replications and variations performed to date  Most studies demonstrate similar conclusions/evidence  Certain variations pose potential ethical breaches  Experiment is fairly recent – 1991

9. What makes this a classic study?  Verifies inference most people tend to make or refute  Demonstrates awesome power of subconscious  Uses power of suggestion  Proves the human tendency to confabulate  Verifies inference most people tend to make or refute  Demonstrates awesome power of subconscious  Uses power of suggestion  Proves the human tendency to confabulate