1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 31 Fungi

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Mighty Mushrooms Fungi are diverse and widespread They are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems because they break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrition and Fungal Lifestyles Fungi are heterotrophs but do not ingest their food They secrete exoenzymes that break down complex molecules, and then they absorb the smaller compounds

4. LE 31-2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures Mycelium 20 µm

5. LE 31-4 Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Fungal hypha Haustorium Plant cell Haustoria Plant cell plasma membrane Plant cell wall Nematode Hyphae 25 µm

6. LE 31-6 2.5 µm

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Many molds and yeasts have no known sexual stage Mycologists have traditionally called these deuteromycetes, or imperfect fungi

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 31.3: Fungi descended from an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist Systematists now recognize Fungi and Animalia as sister kingdoms In other words, fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than they are to plants or other eukaryotes

9. LE 31-9 Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Basidiomycota Ascomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota

10. LE 31-13 0.5 mm

11. LE 31-16 The cup-shaped ascocarps (fruiting bodies) of Aleuria aurantia give this species its common name: orange peel fungus. The edible ascocarp of Morchella esculenta, the succulent morel is often found under trees in orchards. 10 µm Tuber melanosporum is a truffle, an ascocarp that grows underground and emits strong odors. These ascocarps have been dug up and the middle one sliced open. Neurospora crassa feeds as a mold on bread and other food (SEM).

12. LE 31-18 Fly agaric (Amanita muscoria), a common species in conifer forests in the northern hemisphere Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood Puffballs emitting spores

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungus-Animal Symbiosis Some fungi share their digestive services with animals These fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals Many species of ants and termites use the digestive power of fungi by raising them in “farms”

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lichens Lichens are a symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mass of fungal hyphae

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathogens About 30% of known fungal species are parasites, mostly on or in plants Animals are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants The general term for a fungal infection in animals is mycosis Athletes foot, ringworm in people. Blights, smut on plants.

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Practical Uses of Fungi Humans eat many fungi and use others to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread Genetic research on fungi is leading to applications in biotechnology Antibiotics produced by fungi treat bacterial infections