9. Cordia nodosa

10. Live or dead, hollow stem nodes are nest sites for ants

13. The tumultuous relationship between the ant-plant C. Nodosa and the ant species Allomerus octoarticulatus. The relationship between these two species is much like that of other ants and ant-plants, until it comes time for the plant to reproduce. When Nodosa begins to flower, the ants attack the buds, lopping them off before they get a chance to spread seeds. The ant, in effect, sterilizes its gracious host.

14. Allomerus octoarticulatus sterilizes flower of Cordia nodosa.

15. Dry tropical forests on nutrient-poor soils.

16. Kerangas forests Indonesia

17. Dischidia major (epiphyte!) Malayan urn plant

18. Dischidia major (ant plant)

19. Philidris ants on surface of leaf of Malayan urn plant.

20. Philidris ants, their eggs and larvae inside leaf of Malayan urn plant.

22. Largest “herbivores” of tropical forest.

24. Part of a leaf-cutter ant nest

25. Partially excavated nest of Atta colony.

26. Atta cephalotes Note small guard ants riding on the leaves

31. (gongylidia)

32. Amensalism between bacterium and Escovopsis fungus

33. Science 20 November 2009, 326 p1120.

35. Phorid flies atttack ant.

39. Nepenthes bicalcarata pitcher plant vine eats insects, but its hollow tendrils are homes for tiny ants that have coevolved to be safe in the pitcher of...

40. Camponotus ants nest in the tendrils of the tropical Pitcher plant (vine).

41. Camponotus ants uniquely can walk/crawl on the extremely slick wall of the Pitcher plant pitcher trap.

42. Camponotus schmitzi ant swims in the pitcher pool and hauls out drowned prey.The ant's feet have adapted over eons to climb safely from the pool.

43. Fungi alter the behavior of ants that they infect Before the fungus-infected ants die, they attach themselves (by biting) to the underside of leaves that are ideally located for fungal reproduction: on the cooler and moister north side of trees, near (but not on) the ground. Adaptive social immunity in leaf-cutting ants These social ants protect each other from fungal infection by grooming each other, much like monkeys do.

47. Cephalotes atratus C. Atratus infected with Myrmeconema neotropicum