1. An overview

3. Functions of the Urinary System Produces, excretes urine Essential for homeostasis Keeps volume of bodily fluids constant Keeps levels of essential chemicals constant Electrolytes, water, acid/base balance “Clears” (cleans) blood of waste products produced by cellular metabolism (e.g. nitrogenous wastes) Uremia- toxic buildup of metabolic wastes Blood pressure regulation

4. Characteristics of Urine Normal Characteristics Color:Transparent yellow, amber, straw-colored CompoundsMineral ions (Na+, Cl-, K+) Nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, creatinine, urea, uric acid) Suspended solids (sediment, bacteria, blood cells, casts) Urine pigments OdorSlight odor pH4.6-8.0 Specific gravity1.001-1.035

6. Major structures of the urinary system Kidney Retroperitoneal Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra

7. Urinary Bladder Accumulates, stores urine Stretchable epithelium, w/ smooth muscle (detrusor) Internal urinary sphincter Involuntary, circular muscle Keeps ureter closed Can hold up to 1 liter of urine Stretch receptors signal need to void (micturate) when 20% of bladder capacity reached

8. Urethra Single, muscular tube Controlled by external urethral sphincter Voluntary Longer in males More prone to infection in females

9. Voiding Urination = micturition Innervated by reflex arc; voluntary control gained as one ages Incontinence – loss of voluntary control Anuria – lack of urine production Urinary retention – failure to expel urine Oliguria – decreased urine production Polyuria – excessive urine production

10. The Kidney Renal cortex – Outer “bark” Renal medulla – Inner Renal pyramids Triangular divisions Renal columns – Extension of cortex Divide pyramids Renal papilla Narrow, innermost point of a pyramid Renal pelvis Expanded end of upper end of ureter Calyx Division of renal pelvis

13. Microscopic Structure of the Kidney

14. Functional Unit: Nephron > 1 million in a kidney Can be cortical or juxtamedullary “Tiny funnel” with a very long stem Highly convoluted (many bends) 2 principal components: Renal corpuscle Renal tubule

15. Renal corpuscle components Bowman’s capsule Cup/sac-like-shaped top of a nephron Glomerulus Ball of capillaries, lined with podocytes Found in Bowman’s capsule Afferent, efferent arterioles

16. Renal Tubule Composed of: Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Loop of Henle (longer in Juxtamedullary) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Collecting tubule

18. Formation of Urine: Overview Filtration Secretion Reabsorption All occur within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephron

19. Filtration Of water, dissolved substances out of blood into Bowman’s capsule Occurs in “renal corpuscles” Contains larger afferent, smaller efferent arterioles Creates high pressure in glomerulus Filters blood across fenestrated capillaries, lined w/ podocytes Hold in proteins, cells Lose water, ions = ultrafiltration

20. Glomerular Filtration Rate 120 ml/minute = 180 liters/day! Must maintain a minimum blood pressure for kidneys to filter Hemorrhage, etc., can cause kidney function (and urine output) to cease

21. 180 L of urine a day? No… Luckily, most of the fluid that leaves blood during filtration returns to the blood during reabsorption…

22. Reabsorption Movement of substances out of renal tubules into the blood (into peritubular capillaries) Water Glucose Other nutrients Sodium, other ions Begins in proximal convoluted tubule, continues in loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule Reabsorb ~178 L/day (97-98% of water)

23. Mechanism? Osmosis! (Flow of water from High to Low) Glucose: Almost all glucose reabsorbed (340 mg/min) Exceptions exist! Diabetes mellitus – too much sugar in bloodstream, exceeds ability of kidney tubule cells to reabsorb  glycosuria (glucose in blood) Water is lost along with glucose transport… most people with diabetes mellitus urinate excessively!

24. Ions (sodium, others) only partially reabsorbed Most are actively transported back into blood from tubular urine Amount varies from time to time… depends on salt intake Allows body to maintain homeostasis (cells can be damaged by too much/too little salt)

25. Loop of Henle Descending loop: Reabsorbs water, large ions and molecules Ascending loop: Final adjustment Hormones regulate the amount of sodium, water reabsorption

26. Water reabsorption 90% passive thru osmosis in PCT, descending Loop of Henle, DCT 10% occurs in last parts of DCT, collecting ducts

27. Secretion Substances move into urine in distal, collecting tubules from blood in capillaries around tubules “Reabsorption in reverse” H+, K+ ions, ammonia, drugs (Bold = active transport; non-bold = diffusion)

28. Regulation Regulated by hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – increases water reabsorption Angiotensin II – constricts efferent, systemic arterioles – alters filtration rate, increases pressures Aldosterone – Produced by adrenal cortex; retains sodium, excretes potassium – raises blood pressure Affected by other substances Diuretic (causes great outflow of urine) Caffeine –decreases Na+ absorption, causing diuresis Lasix – works on Loop of Henle, producing massive diuresis

29. Excretion A.k.a… Urination “Voiding” Micturition Urine stored in bladder, leaves body through urethra