1.  For all animals, emotions have an adaptive purpose  Emphasis on  Behavior Changes and Facial Expressions  Physiological Changes [Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19 th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]

2.  For all animals, emotions have an adaptive purpose  Principle of Serviceable Associated Habits [Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19 th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]

3.  For all animals, emotions have an adaptive purpose  Principle of Antithesis Disgusting ----------------------------- Delicious [Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19 th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]

4.  For all animals, emotions have an adaptive purpose  Principle of actions due to the constitution of the nervous system…….. [Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19 th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]

5.  Emotions have an adaptive purpose  In the past, the adaptive problem designed the emotion  Today, the adaptive problem elicits the emotion  The emotion increased gene survival by:  Enhancing reproductive opportunities  Dealing with threats to reproduction  Basic Emotions

6.  “…discrete physiological responses to fundamental life situations that have been useful in our ancestral environment.” (Ekman & Cordaro, 2011, p.369) [Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370.[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740]

7.  Derived from evolutionary theory – emotions are evolved adaptations to our environment  Emotions are discrete – we can differentiate between different emotions  Categorical Approach  Emotions are universally distinct categories [Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370.[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740]

8.  BASIC EMOTION = DISCRETE + ADAPTIVE  Universal, evolutionary view  Not cultural  **Paul Ekman  DISCRETE EMOTION = DISCRETE  + Universal, evolutionary view  + Social constructionist view Cultural, not universal **Lisa Barrett [Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370.[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740]

9.  Basic emotions should be universal  Among humans and nonhuman animals  All animals should express the emotion in the same way  All animals should express emotion early in life  Each emotion can be categorized according to the 5 components of emotion

10.  Linguistic Data  Identify Behavior Changes  Facial Expressions  Vocal Affect  Physiological Patterns  Cognitive Appraisals

11.  Card sort activity!  Groups of 3 – 4 Please!

12.  3 Categories found  1) Pleasantness: Negative v. Positive Emotions  2) Basic Emotion Categories: love, joy, anger, sadness, fear (possibly surprise)  3) Sub-ordinate Categories of each basic emotion  Ex: adoration and affection for “Love”

13. EmotionBehavior FearWithdrawing AngerAttacking JoyMating SadnessCrying for help DisgustVomiting SurpriseStopping/Freezing (Plutchik, 1984; Other models include MacLean,1993)

14. (Padgett & Cottrell, 1998. p.2)

15.  Categorical Perception: assesses whether people can identify an emotion and discriminate among two emotions.  Morphed two facial expressions.  Ps’ identified and discriminated among emotions  Found 5 emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust (Padgett & Cottrell, 1998. p.2)

17.  Don’t flip over sheet until I tell you!  Don’t talk to anyone! (or you are disqualified!)

18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. __________________ 5. __________________ 6. __________________ 7. __________________ Fear Anger Contempt Surprise Sadness Happiness Disgust Now, flip over hand-out and answer the two questions!

19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Anger Contempt Disgust Surprise Sadness Happiness Fear Which face did you identify first? Last? Any problems with this methodology?

20.  Paul Ekman  Across cultures, people correctly identify facial expressions in photos  Limitations  Easier to recognize emotions in still photos than in real life  Process of elimination increases chances of correct identification

21.  Macro: normal expressions usually last between ½-second and 4 seconds.  Micro: These are very brief, usually lasting between 1/15 and 1/25 of a second.  False: A deliberately-made simulation of an emotion not being felt.  Masked: A false expression made to cover a macro expression. Retrieved from http://www.paulekman.com/micro-expressions/http://www.paulekman.com/micro-expressions/

22.  Action Unit: each observable facial movement component.  All facial expressions can be broken down into AUs.  A group of AUs linked to one specific emotion.  All people show same changes in AU for same emotion.  Example AUs Example AUs  Happiness = AU6 + AU12  Disgust = AU9 + AU15 + AU16 Retrieved from http://www.paulekman.com/product-category/facs/http://www.paulekman.com/product-category/facs/

23.  Lisa Barrett – Social Constructivist View  Tried to replicate Ekman’s work with Himba tribe in Namibia (southern Africa)  But, this time, did not provide a list of words to participants  Instead, participants grouped similar facial expressions into 6 piles [Fischer, S. (2013, July). About face: For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do policy work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong? Boston Magazine.[Fischer, S. (2013, July). About face: For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do policy work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong? Boston Magazine.]

24.  Got some correct!  Separate piles for smiling, wide-eyed fear, etc.  Got many wrong!  Placed angry scowls, disgusted wrinkles, and sad frowns into same pile  Shows Ekman’s findings may only work when people are given context (i.e., labels) [Fischer, S. (2013, July). About face: For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do policy work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong? Boston Magazine.[Fischer, S. (2013, July). About face: For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do policy work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong? Boston Magazine.]

25.  Note: Blank the screen  #1 #1  #2 #2  #3 #3  #4 #4  #5 #5

26.  Do patterns of vocal affect correspond to discrete emotions?  Decoding Studies: Ps’ indicated their perception of the emotion conveyed in scrambled voices  56% - 60% of the time, Ps’ identified the correct emotion in recordings of nonsensical sentences.  Joy, sadness, fear, anger, disgust  Replicated with love and surprise (Scherer, Banse, Walbott, & Goldbeck, 1991)

27.  Lisa Barrett – Social Constructivist  Barrett Sound Clip Barrett Sound Clip  Again, tried to replicate Ekman’s work with Himba tribe in Namibia (southern Africa) and Boston participants  But, this time, did not provide two choices from which participants selected  Only universal category was happiness - laughing

28.  Identify 2 emotions that show the same exact physiological pattern.  Identify an emotion that has a different pattern of physiological activity than any other emotion.  Which measure best distinguishes among the 6 emotions?  Is it easier to differentiate between negative emotions or positive emotions?

29.  Do patterns of physiological activity correspond to discrete emotions?  Directed Facial Action Task  Ps’ contract facial muscles according to experimenter instructions  Then, take physiological measures (Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990)

30.  No single physiological measure discriminates emotions  Patterns of physiological changes are different for most emotions  Exceptions: Disgust/Happiness and Anger/Surprise  Greater physiological change for negative than positive emotions (Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990)

31.  Continue with basic emotions  Appraisal Theory  Prototype Approach  Dimensional Models