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NEUROETHICS Social Neuroscience Evolution & the Social Brain
Decision-making Planning Social Attachment Aggression Cooperation Punishment Brain Development Social Neuroscience Evolution & the Social Brain Ethology Anthropology Molecular Biology Developmental Psychology Philosophy/Ethics Neuroethics Law & Policy Mental competence Frontality & Responsibility Enhancement Intervention Status as a Person Neural Prosthetics Stem Cells Patricia Churchland UCSD 05/2006
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Where do moral principles
Come from? Divine authority? Reason? Moral intuition ?
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Genes Culture Learning Hamilton Axelrod Wilson Frank
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trustworthiness is a value social isolation is a cost
we are social creatures trustworthiness is a value social isolation is a cost untrustworthiness is a cost
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Tom Insel NIMH Larry Young, Emory University Sue Carter, UI at Chicago
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Densities of oxytocin & vasopressin receptors
Oxytocin in nucleus acumbens Vasopressin in ventral pallidum Knock out mice for oxy -- poor social recognition; Densities of oxytocin & vasopressin receptors
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Pressure on Folk Psych. Reasoning is not indep. of emotion
2. Reasoning is often constraint satisfaction, pattern matching, or imagery 3. Control is regulated by the reward system -- neurochemicals 4. Decisions caused, noncon factors
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The Self Self - representation Multi-dimensional Brain construct
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Representations usually valenced
Separating fact from values a late sophistication
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Morality From the Biological Perspective
Platform: oxytocin, vasopressin et al. Tuned up by reward system Uses mirror neurons Bonding uses uncon imitation Choice is approx.constraint satisfaction
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What explains human style altruism?
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Imitation in Affiliative Behavior
In young predicts normal social brain 2. In kith, predicts kin-like & normal social brain 3. In new group member, predicts normal social brain, is like us, will be loyal.
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RULES: Mainstream Philosophy
Needed for morality Determined by reason Internalized by the young Used in moral reasoning to decided what one ought to do
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Moral resp. arises from social need for civil behavior. Socialize children Protect ourselves Deter adults institutionalize revenge
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Holding Responsible: Did he do it? Can he be treated? Will he do it again?
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“You cannot derive an ought from an is”
Representations are valenced we are attracted, repelled, curious, etc. Fundamental oughts determined by what we are wired to care about.
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Self-representations & Subjectivity
Basic Platform: coordinating inner body signals & selecting motor command Fancier: Inner distinction between: about me about that self/nonself
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What we count as the “best”explanations
are relative to background theories; e.g. Newtonian mechanics, statistical mechanics…….. What we count as the “best” decisions are relative to background theories; e.g. that psychiatric symptoms are neuro, that there are no witches, that homosexuality is not a character flaw……
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Derive ‘ought’ from an ‘is’?
Scientific reasoning: inference to the best explanation Practical reasoning: inference to the best decision What we ought to believe What we ought to do
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Moral resp. & sanction arises
from social need for civil behavior. Socialize children Protect ourselves Deter adults institutionalize revenge
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