1. GPS Augmentations and Enhanced Loran: Infrastructure Precision and Reliability Asia GNSS Workshop Seoul, Korea - November 4, 2004   James J. Miller DOT Office of the Secretary

2. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 2 Overview  GPS Augmentations & Applications  Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)  Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)  Nationwide Differential GPS (NDGPS)  Loran developments in the U.S.  Loran Today  Modernizing Loran  Achieving “eLoran”

3. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 3 GPS Augmentations & Applications Power Grid Interfaces Personal Navigation Trucking & Shipping Surveying & Mapping Communication s --Network Synchronization and Timing Fishing & Boating Railroads Off shore Drilling Aviation Recreation Satellite Ops -- Ephemeris, Timing

4. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 4 New Civil Applications Continue To Emerge Child safety Wireless E-911 Open pit mining Power grid management Spacecraft control Intelligent Transportation Systems

5. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 5 Current GPS Civil Capabilities Maritime Land Aviation Requirements can be Requirements are not met met by GPS alone by GPS alone

6. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 6 GPS Civil Capabilities with Augmentations Maritime Land Aviation Requirements can be Requirements are met by met by GPS alone GPS plus augmentations

7. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 7 Differential GPS (DGPS)Concept Differential GPS (DGPS) Concept Reference Station.

8. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 8 Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Improves efficiency/capacity of airspace system –Advanced arrival and departure procedures –Promotes airspace redesign Safety is most significant benefit –Vertical guidance at all runway ends –Improves 3D situational awareness GPS/WAAS procedures in place Certified avionics are available now Improved access to airports for general, commuter, and business aviation Allows reduction of ground- based navigation aids LNAV/VNAV 350’ LPV 250’ ILS 200’ 3o3o

9. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 9 WAAS Status  Commissioned for IFR En Route Operations - July 10, 2003  Lateral Guidance –100% of CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico  Vertical Guidance –95% availability in CONUS & portions of Alaska –LNAV/VNAV approaches (350’ minimums) –LPV approaches (250’ minimums) first published - Sep 2003  WAAS Expanded LPV Coverage 2008 –Full continental U.S. –Most of Alaska  GPS Modernization ~ 2015 –L5 frequency –WAAS 200’ minimums –Interference mitigation

10. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 10 Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) Precision approach for Category I, II & III Multiple runway coverage Complex procedures Guided missed approaches Guided departure procedures Aircraft surface navigation

11. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 11  LAAS directed to be R&D program –CAT I contract becomes focused on integrity and safety Complete integrity design report and FHA –CAT II/III Research and Development GNSS/Inertial, EVS, RADALT integration study Dual frequency LGF design analysis initiation Ionosheperic threat model/monitoring algorithms Dual frequency multipath limiting antenna  LAAS future TBD based on results of technical, operational, and economic assessments LAAS Status

12. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 12 Nationwide Differential (NDGPS)

13. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 13 Five Categories of NDGPS Applications 1. Original Code-Based NDGPS Applications 1 - 3 meters Navigation, Precision Farming, Positive Train Control, Dredging, Buoy Positioning, Resource Management & GIS 2. Real-Time High Accuracy NDGPS Apps10-15 centimeters Real-time Automated Surveying of Roads, Railroads & Harbors; Highway Lane Keeping; Machinery Control; & Auto-Docking of Ships 3. Post-Processing NDGPS Applications2 - 4 centimeters Surveying, Mapping, Charting & Hydrography 4. Stationary Scientific NDGPS Applications2 - 3 millimeters Plate Tectonics Monitoring & Earthquake Prediction 5. Weather Forecasting ApplicationWater Vapor Info 1. Original Code-Based NDGPS Applications 1 - 3 meters Navigation, Precision Farming, Positive Train Control, Dredging, Buoy Positioning, Resource Management & GIS 2. Real-Time High Accuracy NDGPS Apps10-15 centimeters Real-time Automated Surveying of Roads, Railroads & Harbors; Highway Lane Keeping; Machinery Control; & Auto-Docking of Ships 3. Post-Processing NDGPS Applications2 - 4 centimeters Surveying, Mapping, Charting & Hydrography 4. Stationary Scientific NDGPS Applications2 - 3 millimeters Plate Tectonics Monitoring & Earthquake Prediction 5. Weather Forecasting ApplicationWater Vapor Info Categories of Applications Provides

14. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 Nationwide DGPS (NDGPS) Status  NDGPS expansion is progressing –82 sites currently operational - 86 sites by December 2004  Single-station coverage – now 92% of CONUS –Dual-station coverage currently 50% of CONUS  Nationwide single coverage by end of 2005 with the addition of 5 more sites  Nationwide dual coverage by end of 2008 –Total of 110 sites in CONUS and 15 sites in Alaska International Standard used in 40 countries

15. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 15 International Standard  NDGPS is designed to an international, non-proprietary standard –Compliant with RTCM SC-104 and ITU-R M.823 –Increases market for manufacturers –Enhances Global interoperability  Signal is free to all users  47 other countries operate systems compatible to ours  Resulting in a seamless international navigation system

16. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 16 Current NDGPS Coverage

17. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 17 Completed NDGPS Coverage

18. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 18 Intelligent Transportation Systems Improved roadway safety –Minimize accidents Crash prevention technologies research Road departure prevention –Electronic mapping –High-Accuracy NDGPS In-vehicle navigation for precise position determination Snowplow guidance

19. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 19 GPS at Work: Snow Plow Video

20. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 20 High Accuracy NDGPS  Develop a nationwide 3-D dynamic positioning service that has an accuracy better than 15 centimeter and time to alarm integrity of less than 2 seconds  Coexist with existing NDGPS infrastructure New Initiatives - Accuracy GPS (13-24 meters) HA-NDGPS Dynamic (0.1 meters) NDGPS (1 to 3 meters)

21. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 21 HA-NDGPS Status  HA-NDGPS Signal Successfully Broadcast from two locations –Static accuracy at 50 km better than 1cm 3-D –Dynamic accuracy at 250 km better than 20 cm 3-D Atmospheric Prediction Algorithms show promise Implementation Cost <$100,000 per site Benefits of multi-site broadcast Additional testing planned over next several months

22. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 22 High Accuracy - NDGPS Plans Hawk Run Hawk Run n Macon Macon Grady Grady n n Hackleburg Hackleburg Bobo Bobo n n n Goodland Goodland Topeka Topeka n Onondaga Onondaga Medford Medford Edinburg Edinburg n n Medora Billings Billings n n Great Falls n Polson Spokane Spokane n Appleton n Klamath Falls Austin Austin n n n Bakersfield Bakersfield Essex Essex Flagstaff Flagstaff n Albuquerque Summerfield Summerfield n Pueblo Pueblo Hudson Falls Hudson Falls GWEN Sites s New Site l Coast Guard Site Green - Operating Red – Planned Dark Blue – HA-NDGPS broadcasting Light Blue – HA-NDGPS planned l Whidbey Is Robinson Pt Robinson Pt l Fort Stevens l Cape Mendocino l Point Blunt l Pigeon Point l Point Arquello l Point Loma l Aransas Pass Galveston l English Turn l l Mobile Point Egmont Key l Key West l l l Miami Cape Canaveral l l Fort Macon l Cape Henry l Cape Henlopen l Sandy Hook lMoriches l Portsmouth l Brunswick l Millers Ferry l Vicksburg l Memphis l Sallisaw l Kansas City l St Louis l Rock Island l St. Paul l Wisconsin Point Upper Keweenaw l l l l Whitefish Pt Neebish Island Cheboygan l Sturgeon Bay l Detroit l Saginaw Bay l Milwaukee l Youngstown Tucson s Munday s Jackson s s Myton n El Paso s INEL s Dandridge s Cincinnati s Monterey s Langtry s Rawlins s Weiser s Kanab s Hagerstown Ashville s s Martinsville Middlebury s s Jack Creek Jack Creek Odessa s Greensboro l Omaha Pine River St. Mary’s s l Louisville H n n n Acushnet Elmira n n n n Kensington n Fayetteville New Bern Annapolis n Canton Iowa City St Mary’s n n n Ledyard n Seneca Lincoln Lincoln n l n Wenatchee Wenatchee Whitney Clark Chico Penobscot Charleston Savannah n n n n n s Hartsville n Reedy Point l Driver n n n H n s Pattern

23. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 23 NDGPS Partner Projects Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) Program

24. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 24 NDGPS Partner Projects (cont.) NOAA’s Forecast Systems Lab Continuously Measures Water Vapor NDGPS Site in Whitney, NE

25. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 25 NDGPS Partner Projects (cont.) University NAVSTAR Consortium (UNAVCO) NDGPS Site in Pueblo, CO

26. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 26 Loran Developments in the U.S.

27. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 27 Status of Loran in the U.S.  Legacy Loran Today  Loran Modernization – Achievements –Differential Loran –Loran Data Channel –Loran Station Electronics –Control Station Electronics  Loran Modernization – Expectations –Complete Electronics modernization –Implement Time of Transmission (TOT) control –Evolve to Enhanced Loran (eLoran) in both CONUS and Alaska

28. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 28 Legacy Loran  Loran is currently: –A hyperbolic radionavigation system… …operating between 90 kHz and 110 kHz… …that uses a very tall antenna… …that broadcasts primarily a ground wave …at high power… …that provides both lateral position… …and a robust time and frequency standard –A supplemental system for enroute aviation navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) –A system for maritime navigation in the coastal confluence zone (CCZ) –A Stratum 1 frequency standard (i.e., 1 x 10 -11 ) that also provides time within 100 ns of UTC (USNO)

29. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 29  As a radionavigation system, Loran provides: –A predicted 2drms accuracy of 0.25 nm (460 m) and a repeatable accuracy of 60-300 ft (18-90 m)* –An availability of 99.7% (based on triad operation)* –A level of Integrity based on exceeding certain operational parameters measured at the transmitters and at system area monitor sites –Continuity no greater than 99.7% (its availability), but potentially worse depending on receiver characteristics and geometry of the triad being used… –Loran today does not meet high-performance, precision standards relative to other Nav aids… * U.S. Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP) Legacy Loran (cont.)

30. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 30 North American Loran System New SSX Installed! George, Washington; Dana, Indiana; and Fallon, NV New TFE also Installed! Baudette, MN; Seneca, NY; Boise City, OK; Malone, FL; and Havre, MT 81 TTX Stations: 8 US, 1 Canadian Control Stations New SSX Stations:3 New SSX Stations: 3 US LSU 84 SSX Stations: 8 US, 4 Canadian SSX Stations w/New TFE: 5 US

31. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 31 Today’s Coverage in North America

32. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 32 “The Government is evaluating the ability of an enhanced Loran system to support non-precision approach for aviation users, harbor entrance and approach for maritime users, and improved performance for time and frequency users.” is not neededis not cost effective “If the Government concludes as a result of the evaluations that Loran-C is not needed or is not cost effective, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) will plan to disestablish the system by the end of fiscal year 2008 with appropriate public notice.” Current U.S. Loran Policy

33. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 33 U.S. DOT Navigation Task Force Report “If Loran can meet requirements for non- precision approach for aviation users, harbor entrance and approach for maritime users, and improved performance for time and frequency users, and is cost effective, Loran should be included in the future radionavigation mix.”

34. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 34 eLoranLoran-C Loran Technical Evaluation Conclusions “ The evaluation shows that the modernized Loran system could satisfy the current NPA, HEA, and timing/frequency requirements in the United States and could be used to mitigate the operational effects of a disruption in GPS services... “…If the decision is made to retain Loran as one of the federally provided radionavigation systems, the extent to which these modifications are accepted and implemented will define the actual characteristics of the resulting enhanced Loran (eLoran) system.”

35. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 35 Achieving “Enhanced Loran”  “Enhanced Loran” means a modernized Loran that meets the current requirements of GPS navigation and timing users and, therefore, can be used as a GPS back-up  Requirements must be met for: –Maritime Harbor Entrance & Approach (HEA) Accuracy within 20 meters –Aviation Non-Precision Approach (NPA) Probability of Hazardous or Misleading information no greater than 1 x 10 -7 per hour –Timing Within 100 nanoseconds of UTC  Enhanced Loran (eLoran) availability: –CONUS by December 31, 2008 –Alaska by December 31, 2009

36. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 36 Loran-C vs. eLoran  The Loran technical evaluation showed that eLoran could meet the aviation requirements for non-precision approach (NPA) and the maritime requirements for harbor entrance and approach (HEA) 0.999 - 0.9999 over 150 sec 0.997 Continuity 0.9999999 (1 x 10-7) 0.999 – 0.9999 0.004 - 0.01 nm (8 – 20 m) eLoran 10 second alarm/ 25 m error 0.997 0.25 nm (463 m) Loran-C IntegrityAvailabilityAccuracy

37. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 37 Loran Data Channel  Loran must transmit information to users to achieve the accuracy, availability, integrity, and continuity requirements for NPA and HEA  eLoran will transmit this information by adding a 9 th Pulse to the Loran transmission  It preserves navigation information on pulses 1-8  Its feasibility has been proven with solid-state transmitters  U.S. has successfully tested its ability to broadcast and receive station ID, integrity, time, and differential messages  Facilitates all-in-view vs. chain operation  Each Loran station becomes essentially a pseudolite  U.S. is planning to activate 9 th pulse at Loran Station Seneca, NY and perform additional testing in Boston and New York using differential corrections from several monitors

38. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 38 Time of Transmission (TOT) Control  Evolving from the current System Area Monitoring (SAM) control to Time-of- Transmission Control is essential to achieving eLoran  All of CONUS should be completed by December 2005, including: Loran and Control Station electronics modernized Loran on Time-of-Transmission control implemented All-in-view/9th pulse receivers development Differential Loran information developed for specific harbors

39. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 39 New Loran Station Electronics New Solid State Transmitter (NSSX) New Timing & Frequency Equipment (NTFE)

40. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 40 New Control-Station Electronics New Loran Consolidated Control System (NLCCS)

41. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 41 Differential Loran – Real World Maritime Environment Shipboard Installation

42. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 42 Differential Loran – Real Time Vessel’s Track Line Accuracies Achieved

43. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 43 Prototype Loran Card in Multi-Mode Avionics Receiver  Rockwell Collins has continued the work on their own to incorporate low cost gyros into the integrated receiver solution  Integrated GPS/LORAN receiver for general aviation is also being developed by FreeFlight Systems and Locus under FAA contract

44. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 44 FreeFlight/Locus GA Multi-Mode Receiver  Phase I Prototype (Two-box initial solution) similar to GPS/WAAS/LORAN Rockwell Collins MMR/Locus development  Phase I Prototype testing of Integrated GPS/WAAS/LORAN receiver testing progressing at this time

45. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 45  Phase II Prototype to become available for testing Spring 2005 FreeFlight/Locus GA Multi-Mode Receiver

46. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 46 Megapulse/Reelektronika/Si-Tek Multi-Mode Marine Receiver Front End & ADC 77 x 47 mm Signal Processor 77 x 51 mm Prototype became available for testing: Spring 2004 Production units expected: Winter 2004 GPS – WAAS

47. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 47 New Loran/GPS/WAAS Megapulse/Reelektronika Receiver 85 mm 110 mm 30 mm

48. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 Summary GPS  As the global standard for positioning, navigation, and timing, GPS use continues to grow in all modes of transportation and numerous civil applications  GPS  GPS modernization and its augmentations are integral components of the emerging robust and reliable positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) infrastructure  Modernization of Loran continues as part of the U.S. transportation infrastructure  The decision to continue Loran services in the U.S. is currently under review. A U.S. government decision is pending  GPS augmentations and “eLoran” type systems all have a potential role to play in the radionavigation and positioning mix of the future Greater PNT capabilities for civil users worldwide Greater PNT capabilities for civil users worldwide

49. Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004 49 POINT OF CONTACT INFO. James J. Miller, Deputy Director U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary Navigation & Spectrum Policy, Nassif Bldg., Rm. 10223E 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20590 (202) 366-5918 jj.miller@ost.dot.gov www.dot.gov