1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Opener 7-1

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1 An overview of photosynthetic structures Leaves cuticle upper epidermis lower epidermis mesophyll cells chloroplasts outer membrane inner membrane thylakoid stroma stoma bundle sheath cells vascular bundle (vein) channel interconnecting thylakoids Internal leaf structure Mesophyll cell containing chloroplasts Chloroplast

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1a Leaves Leaves

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1b Internal leaf structure cuticle upper epidermis lower epidermis mesophyll cells chloroplasts stoma bundle sheath cells vascular bundle (vein) stoma Internal leaf structure

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1c Mesophyll cell containing chloroplasts Mesophyll cell containing chloroplasts

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-1d Chloroplast outer membrane inner membrane thylakoid stroma channel interconnecting thylakoids Chloroplast

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-2 Stomata Stomata openStomata closed

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-2a Stomata open Stomata open

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-2b Stomata closed Stomata closed

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-3 An overview of the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle energy from sunlight chloroplast thylakoid light reactions Calvin cycle sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O 6 6 (stroma) ATP NADPH ADP NADP 

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-4 Light and chloroplast pigments light absorption (percent) chlorophyll b chlorophyll a carotenoids wavelength (nanometers) visible light higher energy lower energy gamma raysX-raysUVinfrared micro- waves radio waves 100 80 60 40 20 0 400500450550650750700600

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis H2OH2O CO 2 ATP ADP NADPH NADP  light reactions Calvin cycle sugar high O2O2 C 6 H 12 O 6 primary electron acceptor light energy ee ee energy level of electrons pigment molecules electron transport chain II ee ee reaction center chlorophyll a molecules ATP Photosystem II HH O2O2 2 H2OH2O low ee ee ee NADP  HH NADPH electron transport chain I Photosystem I ½

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1 H2OH2O light reactions O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 Calvin cycle sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 high primary electron acceptor e–e– e–e– energy level of electrons low light energy e–e– electron transport chain II pigment molecules e–e– ATP reaction center chlorophyll a molecules Photosystem II Photosystem I e–e– e–e– electron transport chain I e–e– NADP + NADPH H+H+ H2OH2O H+H+ 2 O2O2 2 1 Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2 H2OH2O light reactions O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 Calvin cycle sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3 H2OH2O light reactions O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 Calvin cycle sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 high primary electron acceptor e–e– energy level of electrons low light energy pigment molecules e–e– reaction center chlorophyll a molecules Photosystem II H2OH2O H+H+ 2 O2O2 2 1 Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4 H2OH2O light reactions O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 Calvin cycle sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 high primary electron acceptor e–e– e–e– energy level of electrons low light energy e–e– electron transport chain II pigment molecules e–e– ATP reaction center chlorophyll a molecules Photosystem II Photosystem I H2OH2O H+H+ 2 O2O2 2 1 Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5 H2OH2O light reactions O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 Calvin cycle sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 high primary electron acceptor e–e– e–e– energy level of electrons low light energy e–e– electron transport chain II pigment molecules e–e– ATP reaction center chlorophyll a molecules Photosystem II Photosystem I e–e– e–e– electron transport chain I e–e– NADP + NADPH H+H+ H2OH2O H+H+ 2 O2O2 2 1 Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-7 Events of the light reactions occur in and near the thylakoid membrane thylakoid chloroplast light energy H  is pumped into the thylakoid space HH electron transport chain II ee ee ee ee ee HH HH HH HH HH photosystem II 2 H2OH2O O2O2 A high H  concentration is created in the thylakoid space (thylakoid space) (stroma) electron transport chain I NADP  NADPH ATP synthase ADP ee photosystem I HH HH HH HH thylakoid membrane The flow of H  down its concentration gradient powers ATP synthesis HH PiPi ATP sugar Calvin cycle C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 ½

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4 H+H+ thylakoid chloroplast light energy e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– H + is pumped into the thylakoid space electron transport chain II photosystem II photosystem I H+H+ electron transport chain I (stroma) NADP + NADPH ATP synthase CO 2 sugar Calvin cycle C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP H+H+ ADP PiPi H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ thylakoid membrane The flow of H + down its concentration gradient powers ATP synthesis A high H + concentration is created in the thylakoid space H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ 2 H2OH2O O2O2 2 1 (thylakoid space) Figure 7-7 Events of the light reactions occur in and near the thylakoid membrane

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-8 A dam allows a “water gradient” to be used to generate electricity Energy is released as water flows downhill Energy is harnessed to rotate a turbine The energy of the rotating turbine is used to generate electricity

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO 2 and produces the simple sugar G3P H2OH2O CO 2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP  Calvin cycle light reactions sugar O2O2 C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 3 Carbon fixation combines three CO 2 with three RuBP using the enzyme rubisco 3 6 RuBP PGA Calvin cycle 6 6 6 6 6 G3P ATP ADP NADPH NADP  G3P ADP ATP 3 3 5 G3P glucose 1 1 1 1 Using the energy from ATP, the five remaining molecules of G3P are converted to three molecules of RuBP Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the six molecules of PGA to six molecules of G3P One molecule of G3P leaves the cycle Two molecules of G3P combine to form glucose and other molecules

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. light reactions Calvin cycle sugar CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 3 Carbon fixation combines three CO 2 with three RuBP using the enzyme rubisco 3 3 3 ADP ATP RuBP 6 PGA Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the six molecules of PGA to six molecules of G3P 6 6 6 6 6 5 G3P 1 ATP ADP NADPH NADP + Calvin cycle Using the energy from ATP, the five remaining molecules of G3P are converted to three molecules of RuBP 11 G3P 1 glucose One molecule of G3P leaves the cycle Two molecules of G3P combine to form glucose and other molecules Slide 1Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO 2 and produces the simple sugar G3P

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. light reactions Calvin cycle sugar CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 3 Carbon fixation combines three CO 2 with three RuBP using the enzyme rubisco Slide 2Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO 2 and produces the simple sugar G3P

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. light reactions Calvin cycle sugar CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 3 Carbon fixation combines three CO 2 with three RuBP using the enzyme rubisco 6 PGA Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the six molecules of PGA to six molecules of G3P 6 6 6 6 6 G3P ATP ADP NADPH NADP + Calvin cycle Slide 3Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO 2 and produces the simple sugar G3P

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. light reactions Calvin cycle sugar CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 3 Carbon fixation combines three CO 2 with three RuBP using the enzyme rubisco 3 3 3 ADP ATP RuBP 6 PGA Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the six molecules of PGA to six molecules of G3P 6 6 6 6 6 5 G3P ATP ADP NADPH NADP + Calvin cycle Using the energy from ATP, the five remaining molecules of G3P are converted to three molecules of RuBP Slide 4Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO 2 and produces the simple sugar G3P

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. light reactions Calvin cycle sugar CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NADPH ADP NADP + CO 2 3 Carbon fixation combines three CO 2 with three RuBP using the enzyme rubisco 3 3 3 ADP ATP RuBP 6 PGA Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the six molecules of PGA to six molecules of G3P 6 6 6 6 6 5 G3P 1 ATP ADP NADPH NADP + Calvin cycle Using the energy from ATP, the five remaining molecules of G3P are converted to three molecules of RuBP 11 G3P 1 glucose One molecule of G3P leaves the cycle Two molecules of G3P combine to form glucose and other molecules Slide 5Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO 2 and produces the simple sugar G3P

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure E7-1 The C 4 pathway and the CAM pathway CO 2 mesophyll cell PEP (3C) PEP carboxylase pyruvate (3C) oxaloacetate (4C) malate (4C) malate (4C) pyruvate (3C) rubisco Calvin cycle CO 2 bundle sheath cell sugar C 4 plants CAM plants malate (4C) malate (4C) Calvin cycle sugar malic acid (4C) central vacuole rubisco PEP (3C) PEP carboxylase pyruvate (3C) oxalo- acetate (4C) CO 2 mesophyll cell day night CO 2

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure E7-1a C 4 plants CO 2 mesophyll cell PEP (3C) PEP carboxylase pyruvate (3C) oxaloacetate (4C) malate (4C) malate (4C) pyruvate (3C) rubisco Calvin cycle CO 2 bundle sheath cell sugar C 4 plants

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure E7-1b CAM plants CAM plants malate (4C) malate (4C) Calvin cycle sugar malic acid (4C) central vacuole rubisco PEP (3C) PEP carboxylase pyruvate (3C) oxalo- acetate (4C) CO 2 mesophyll cell day night CO 2