1. Protecting infrastructure from hurricanes: Lessons learned about the importance and effectiveness of adopting and following modern building codes Tim Reinhold Institute for Business & Home Safety

4. Design Standards for Manufactured Housing Pre- 1976 – No standards, lots of singlewides – Generally very poor performance 1976-1994 – HUD Code, more doublewides – Two design levels – not tied to modern wind std. – Better performance but lots of damage Post 1994 – Wind zones 1-3 – ASCE 7-88 loads and wind map – Clearly superior performance

5. Strengthening Codes Works

6. Attached Structures

7. New Commercial Structure in Punta Gorda

8. Older Commercial Structure across street in Punta Gorda

9. Windborne Debris Primary Sources: Roofing Materials Siding Materials Vegetative Debris Structural Components Unsecured Items (Patio Furniture, Potted Plants, lawn ornaments, etc.)

10. Elimination of Gravel Ballast

11. Debris and Internal Pressures

12. Punta Gorda City Hall & Annex Mitigation Success – Annex in use – City Hall gutted

13. Aggregate Losses for Charlotte County and Punta Gorda All Building Permits: $1.8 Billion Residential Garage Doors: $2.6 Million Shingle Roofs: $114 Million Tile Roofs: $87 Million Residential Cages: $16 Million

14. Roof covering and soffit failures lead to interior damage

16. Roof Covering Failures - Tile Tile Roof Damage Tile insufficiently attached to roof deck:

18. Continuing Problems: Garage Door Failures Failed primarily due to lack of reinforcement and track bracing for design pressures Some were also damaged by windborne debris

20. Continuing Problems: Double Entry Doors

21. Continuing Problems: Gable Ends Gable End Failures – Sheathing loss – Un-braced gables

22. Reducing Hurricane Risks & Losses

23. Conclusions Buildings built under the latest codes where enforcement was good – generally performed well structurally (some exceptions) Keys are: – Good up to date code – Uniform and thorough enforcement – Builders and subs who understand and appreciate the risks – Special inspections for key functions

24. Benefit-Cost Studies for Building Codes Texas A&M Study for TDI Code – For individual provisions large variability – For system of provisions B-C ~ 4 to 7 Seismic Code Study for Utah and LA – B-C of 4.3 for Utah – B-C of 6 to 16 for LA

25. Recommendations Appropriate funds for National Windstorm Loss Reduction Program authorized last year Increase support for NOAA / FEMA in wind field modeling Increase support for NOAA in hardening and backing up ASOS stations Add incentives for code adoption and enforcement Add incentives for mitigation